tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5279219019943977742024-02-07T08:12:55.281-08:00Greater NepalA Natural Heaven In The Earth Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15278795390192428137noreply@blogger.comBlogger83125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-74005753068920114542020-01-14T21:55:00.004-08:002020-01-14T21:55:25.319-08:00Time capsule of Kathmandu<h1>Time capsule of Kathmandu</h1>
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<h5>New book with Toni Hagen’s archival images of the Valley from six decades ago</h5>
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Kunda Dixit
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January 13, 2020 </a></span>
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<div class="elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix"><div class="Fixed"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><p><span class="dropcaps">S</span>wiss geologist <a href="http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=2692#.VRzIePmUdQ4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Toni Hagen</a> first came to Nepal in 1950, crisscrossed the mountains and plains on foot to find out the kind of rocks the country was made of. His detailed stratigraphic cross sections of Nepal for the first time gave us an idea of what lay beneath our feet. <p>Along the way he also took thousands of photographs and film which have been carefully archived by his family in Switzerland. <a href="http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=2692#.XhlEIy2Q0Wo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Toni Hagen died in 2003</a>, but the images represent a time capsule of the land and people, and show us the way we were. </div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix"><p>Some of these photographs were included in the multiple editions of <a href="http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=19173" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nepal</a>, the classic book about the country first published in 1962 which <a href="http://archive.nepalitimes.com/regular-columns/So-far-so-good/a-serious-swiss-toni-hagen-nepal,888" target="_blank" rel="noopener">introduced Nepal to the world</a>, and through its Nepali language edition, to Nepalis themselves. <p>Now, the Nepal Heritage Society has published another collection of Toni Hagen’s photographs of Kathmandu Valley, some of which were included in <a href="https://archive.nepalitimes.com/page/kathmandu-valley-then" target="_blank" rel="noopener">an exhibition at the Nepal Art Council</a> in 2015 on the <a href="https://archive.nepalitimes.com/article/Nepali-Times-Buzz/tony-hagen-kathmandu-exhibition,3946" target="_blank" rel="noopener">centennial of Toni Hagen’s birth.</a> </div>
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<div class="elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix"><p><em>Vishnumati flowing clean and blue with Langtang peering over Shivapuri ridge. The Bagmati at Thapathali with a monsoon cumulus looming above Pulchoki.</em> </div>
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<div class="elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix"><p><i>Toni Hagen: Photos of Kathmandu Valley 1950-1960 </i>is edited by his physician daughter, Katrin, with extended captions by history professor Poonam Rajya Laxmi Rana. The book contains photographs that have not yet been published combined with accompanying historical text. This is an important work that shows us Kathmandu in aerial photography 70 years ago, neighbourhoods and street scenes that have long gone, but there are also plenty of reminders of how the inner city bahals and squares have not changed much in the six decades since the photographs were taken. </div>
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<div class="elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix"><p>‘The photos and films by my father have immense value not only for the archives but for the studies of glaciers, as many of them have changed due to climate change,’ write Katrin Hagen in her preface. ‘The pictures of the old days are somehow a cultural heritage … there was no water supply, no sanitation facilities. But the water of the Bagmati was clean, there was no plastic waste.” </div>
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<img width="2000" height="1267" src="https://www.nepalitimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/kathmandut4800059-KTM-valley-fromSANGHA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" /> <figcaption class="widget-image-caption wp-caption-text">Rice terraces of Kathmandu Valley from Sangha with Manaslu, Himalchuli, Annapurna 2, Annapurna 1 and Machapuchre visible on the horizon.</figcaption>
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<div class="elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix"><p>Indeed, the book allows us to travel back in time to a Kathmandu where the Bagmati reflects the deep-blue monsoon sky, dark rain-heavy monsoon clouds draping the familiar outline of Pulchoki, the green paddy terraces encircling towns with earthy brown sloping tile roofs. And, possibly because he was from Switzerland, almost all of Hagen’s photographs have as their backdrop snow mountains in the background. <p>Buffaloes wallowing in Chapagain have Dorje Lakpa in the background. Oxen pull a plough with Ganesh Himal glistening on the horizon. Women in Not Danda carry firewood, with the entire panorama of the Central Himalaya on the horizon. In one photograph from Sanga on a clear day, you can see clear across Nepal to the Annapurnas. </div>
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<img width="2000" height="1301" src="https://www.nepalitimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Kat-Airport-withHavilandairplane-whichhasbeenhiredbytheMaharajafor-Toni-Hagen-forAereal-Survey-Dezember-195087.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" /> <figcaption class="widget-image-caption wp-caption-text">A Haviland biplane hired by the government for Toni Hagen for an aerial survey in December 1950 at Gauchar airfield in Kathmandu.</figcaption>
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<div class="elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix"><p>Hagen chartered a six-seater Haviland biplane in Patna and flew it into Gauchar to take the first ever aerial photographs of Kathmandu Valley in 1950. One black-and-white photograph from above Hanuman Dhoka looking east towards Tundikhel shows just how much the city has changed and how much of it remains the same. There is Tundikhel with the <i>khari</i> tree in the middle, the temples of Kathmandu Darbar Square, Bhugol Park, the open space around Dharara and the two-storey buildings of Khichapokhari. </div>
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<div class="elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix"><p>Ambica Shrestha, President of the Nepal Heritage Society that published the book, says in an introduction: ‘Sharing these photos reminds those who witnessed Kathmandu’s past, and those who did not have the good fortune to do so, to see and experience the scenes and atmosphere of the time.’ <p>Rana’s explanatory text provide the background to the images, giving he historical context. The words accompanying the rare aerial photograph of Singha Darbar, for instance, traces the history of neo-classical Rana architecture. There is one anecdote about Jung Bahadur being asked by a foreign visitor why his palace did not have an indoor toilet. His answer: “We do not go to the toilet, the toilet comes to us.” </div>
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<div class="elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix"><p><i>Toni Hagen: Photos of Kathmandu Valley 1950-1960</i> <p>Edited by Katrin Hagen, Text by Poonam Rajya Laxmi Rana <p>Nepal Heritage Society <p>Vajra Books, 2019 <p>176 pages Rs4,000 </div>
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<div class="elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix"><p>For more photographs from the book <a href="https://archive.nepalitimes.com/page/kathmandu-valley-then" target="_blank" rel="noopener">click this link to the 2015 exhibition</a> of Toni Hagen’s photographs.
</article>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14777842721927345044noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-12405421371196018782018-08-07T09:23:00.002-07:002018-08-07T09:27:22.190-07:00ग्रेटर नेपाल द्वारा सिमा अतिक्रमणको विरोधग्रेटर नेपाल द्वारा कंचनपुरमा भएको भारतीय सिमा अतिक्रमण विरूद्ध मंगलबार विरोध जुलुस गरिएको हो ।
भारतिय पक्ष बाट सिमामा एकतर्फि रूपमा बाटो बनाउने कार्य गरेको हो । विरोधमा ग्रेटर नेपालका कंचनपुरका संयोजक गजेन्द्र पाण्डेको संयोजकत्वमा
विरोध जुलुस गरिएको हो । सरकारले सिमा अतिक्रमण बारे कडा कदम चाल्न ग्रेटर नेपालले आग्रह गरेको छ ।
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWKp7lmMLZaqPknGCNYHfsrZj_wyjAY8YMFw7JPo3LfDqFUHUxCuo2SSPbL1i_Qs-v1P_Fbk1xz0LCFaL7a-q_GGEF2dnu64G__H6z5Ejla6ERGIYjxHp3Ej2_QbYyGvRe-bbDpyZe28Qd/s1600/FB_IMG_1533649446436.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWKp7lmMLZaqPknGCNYHfsrZj_wyjAY8YMFw7JPo3LfDqFUHUxCuo2SSPbL1i_Qs-v1P_Fbk1xz0LCFaL7a-q_GGEF2dnu64G__H6z5Ejla6ERGIYjxHp3Ej2_QbYyGvRe-bbDpyZe28Qd/s320/FB_IMG_1533649446436.jpg" width="320" height="240" data-original-width="1280" data-original-height="960" /></a></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14777842721927345044noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-2662537488702035922018-08-05T23:06:00.000-07:002018-08-05T23:16:37.419-07:00भारतीयद्वारा नेपाली भूभागमा बाटो निर्माण<div class="article-header" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(233, 233, 233); color: #444444; font-family: KohinoorDevanagari; font-size: 1.15em; margin-bottom: 0px;">
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भारतीयद्वारा नेपाली भूभागमा बाटो निर्माण</h1>
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स्थानीय प्रशासनलाई समेत कुनै जानकारी छैन</div>
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<time style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #888888; display: inline-block; font-family: Mukta; font-size: 0.85em; line-height: 1; margin-right: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.8em;">श्रावण २०, २०७५</time><span class="author" style="color: #5a5a5a; font-family: "mukta"; font-size: 15.3px; line-height: 1;"><a href="https://www.kantipurdaily.com/author/author-11453" style="color: #666666; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in;">भवानी भट्ट</a></span><br />
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कञ्चनपुर — माथिल्लो तहको सहमति भन्दै भारतीय पक्षले नेपाली भूभागसम्मै सडक निर्माणको काम सुरु गरेको छ । कञ्चनपुरको भीमदत्त नगरपालिका ९ ब्रह्मदेव बजार नजिक टनकपुर बाँधको छेउमा उक्त सडक निर्माण भइरहेको हो । </div>
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<figcaption style="color: #999999; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; text-align: center;">टनकपुर बाँध छेउमा सडक निर्माणका लागि सर्भे गर्दै भारतीय प्राविधिकहरु । तस्बिर : भवानी भट्ट/कान्तिपुर</figcaption><br />
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भारतीय पक्षले ब्रह्मदेव बजारसम्मै सडक निर्माणको काम थालेको छ। साउन दोस्रो सातादेखि उक्त क्षेत्रमा डोजर लगाएर सडक सम्याउने काम सुरु गरिएको हो। टनकपुर ब्यारेजदेखि ब्रह्मदेव बजारसम्म १ हजार २५८ मिटर सडक निर्माणका लागि भारतको लोक निर्माण विभागले काम थालेको हो।</div>
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निर्माण कम्पनीका इन्जिनियर सिपि शर्माको टोलीले सडक सम्याउने र सर्भेको काम गरिरहेको छ। उनका अनुसार टनकपुर बाँधको माथिल्लो र फेदीको सडक दुवै कालोपत्रे हुनेछ। टोलीले करिब डेढ सय मिटर नेपाली भूभागसम्मै सडक निर्माणको काम गरिरहेको छ। ‘यो हाइ लेभलको सहमति हो’ शर्माले भने, ‘त्यही अनुसार हामीले काम गरिरहेका हौं।’</div>
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उक्त सडक निर्माणका लागि लोक निर्माण विभागले ५ करोड ८४ लाखमा ठेक्का दिएको भारतिय अखबार अमर उजालाले लेखेको छ। गत सातामात्रै भारत उत्तराखण्डको चम्पावत जिल्लाका डिएम सत्यनारायण पाण्डेयसहितको टोलीले निर्माणाधीन सडकको निरीक्षण गरेका थिए। ब्रह्मदेवका स्थानीयसमेत माथिल्लो सहमति भन्नेवित्तिक्कै अलमलमा परेका छन्। उनीहरु भारतीय सीमा सुरक्षा बल (एसएसबी)को गस्ती गर्ने बाटो बनाउने काम भइरहेको हुन सक्ने आशंकामा छन्।</div>
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नेपाली भूभागमै निर्माण भइरहेको सडकका विषयमा भने यहाँको स्थानीय प्रशासन र सुरक्षा निकायलाई भने कुनै जानकारी नै छैन। कुन सहमतिअनुसार कसले निर्माण गरिरहेको हो भन्ने विषयमा समेत जानकारी नभएको कञ्चनपुरका प्रमुख जिल्ला अधिकारी कुमारबहादुर खडाले बताए। उनले भारतीय पक्षले कुनै किसिमका समन्वय वा जानकारीबिना नै काम गरिरहेका बताए।</div>
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‘हामीले तत्काल उक्त क्षेत्रमा भइरहेको काम रोक्न भनेका छौं’ प्रजिअ खडाले भने, ‘कुन सहमति हो कसले काम गरिरहेको हो यस विषयमा जानकारी आएपछि मात्रै काम गर्न भनेका छौं।’ तर भारतीय पक्षले भने नियमित काम गरिरहेको स्थानीयले जनाएका छन्।</div>
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भीमदत्त नगरपालिका वडा नं. ९ का अध्यक्ष राम नाथका अनुसार भारतीय पक्षले पुरानो सहमति भन्दै धमाधम काम गरिरहेको छ। यस विषयमा नगर कार्यपालिकाको बैठकमा समेत आफूले कुरा राखेको उनले जानकारी दिए। ‘यो भारतको हेपाहा प्रवृत्ति हो’ उनले भने, ‘माथिल्लो तहमा सहमति भएको हो भने पनि स्थानीयस्तरमा समन्वय गरेर मात्रै काम सुरु गरिनुपर्थ्यो, तर कुन सहमति हो कहिले भएको हो त्यसको कुनै पनि जानकारी छैन।’</div>
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उक्त क्षेत्रमा भारतीय भूभागमा पर्ने टनकपुर लिंक रोड र महाकाली सिँचाई आयोजना तेस्रो चरणको नहर भारतीय पक्षले निर्माण गर्नुपर्ने महाकाली सन्धिमा उल्लेख छ। तर, अहिले निर्माण भइरहेको सडक भने लिंक रोडतर्फ नभई ब्रह्मदेव बजारतर्फ जोडिन्छ। उक्त क्षेत्रमा वर्षौंदेखिको सीमा विवादसमेत यथावत छ। ३ नम्बर सीमा स्तम्भ महाकाली नदीको बीच भागमा रहेको नेपाली पक्षको दाबी छ। भारतीय पक्षले ब्रह्मदेव बजारको आधा भाग सीमामा पर्ने दाबी गर्दै आएको छ।</div>
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‘यो विषय अव संयुक्त सर्भे टोलीले टुंग्याउने छ’ सशस्त्र प्रहरी बल ३५ नं. गण मझगाउँका गणपति एसपी विनोदराज श्रेष्ठले भने, ‘अहिले वर्षातको सिजन भएकाले सीमा सर्भेको काम रोकिएको छ, असोज/कार्तिकदेखि फेरि सुरु हुनेछ।’ ब्रह्मदेवमा निर्माण भइरहेको सडकका विषयमा सशस्त्र प्रहरीसँग पनि कुनै समन्वय र जानकारी नभएको एसपी श्रेष्ठले बताए।</div>
<span class="published-at" style="color: #999999; display: block; font-family: "mukta"; font-size: 0.85em; margin: 1em 0px 1.5em;">प्रकाशित : श्रावण २०, २०७५ २१:४६</span><span class="published-at" style="color: #999999; display: block; font-family: "mukta"; font-size: 0.85em; margin: 1em 0px 1.5em;">Source :- Kantipur</span></div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15278795390192428137noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-71556665470042542362018-07-29T19:53:00.000-07:002018-07-29T19:53:25.069-07:00बाँके र बर्दियाका ११३ सीमास्तम्भ गायब<div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Ek Mukta", sans-serif; font-size: 20px !important; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: bottom;">
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नेपाल–भारत सीमाअन्तर्गत बाँके र बर्दियाको सिमानामा रहेका ५५२ मध्ये ११३ सीमास्तम्भ हराएका छन् ।</div>
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बाँकेमा १३ र बर्दियामा १ सय सीमास्तम्भ गायब भएको खबर आजको <span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;">नयाँ पत्रिका</span>मा छ । </div>
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बाँकेस्थित ३२ मुख्य सीमास्तम्भमध्ये पूर्व कट्कुइँया र पश्चिम मानखोलासम्मको सीमाका पाँच जंगेपिल्लर राप्ती नदी र मानखोलाले बगाएको जिल्ला प्रशासन कार्यालयले जनाएको छ ।</div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15278795390192428137noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-30546179784144774132018-04-07T21:55:00.000-07:002020-01-15T00:11:24.088-08:00Rara Lake
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Rara Lake</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">is the biggest and deepest </span>fresh water<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> lake in the </span>Nepal<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span>Himalayas<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. It is the main feature of the </span>Rara National Park<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, located in the </span>Jumla<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and </span>Mugu Districts<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In September 2007, the lake was declared a </span>Ramsar site<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, covering 1,583 ha (6.11 sq mi) including the surrounding wetland</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Rara lake has been a popular destination with a very rough route in Western Nepal for trekkers. The glimpses of culture and scenery on the way is quite different from the rest of Nepal. Situated in high altitude, you can find the lake surrounded by Rara National Park with pine, spruce and juniper forest. The view of snow-capped Himalayan peaks enhance the attraction of trekkers. The trek begins with flight to Jumla (over an hour flight from </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">) or from nearer </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalgunj" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. Going along the mountain path and some villages one can reach the bank of Rara lake.</span><br />
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A travel writer describes his trek to Rara:</div>
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Although more trampled than in the past, the road to Rara Lake is still without any of the comfortable services available along more popular trails. Logistically it is not an easy trek; it is hard to get to and from, and it is an organizational challenge, requiring informed guides and porters to tote the two weeks' worth of material that will keep you warm, dry and fed. It is also tough on the bones, involving several 11,000-foot passes. However, once you overcome the obstacles, the rewards are legion: few if any other trekkers, incomparable natural splendor, "untouched" villages, blissful quiet.</div>
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Rara Lake as described by GORP founder Bill Greer: "a shimmering blue jewel set in a ring of snowy peaks".</div>
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Trekkers are recommended to bring their own first aid kit due to the lack of health services around the area. Since there are no accommodation facilities they may need help from a travel agency. Trekkers need to be self-sufficient as the facilities are not adequate.</div>
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Rara Lake as described by Mark Drett:</div>
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"Since the interval of 10 years, I visited again. Before 10 years, we needed to walk 19 days to get there but that has been reduced to 10 hours of gravel road and 4 hours of walk. Not expected but great change. When you get there, you will get the reward for 4 hour long walk."</div>
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Rara can be the next major place for tourists to visit. During 1997–1998 the number of tourists visiting to this place was found to be 560, but in 2007 it decreased to 87 individuals. Rara Festival was conducted by the Nepal Tourism Board in early 2007 to promote domestic and international visit</div>
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</br>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15278795390192428137noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-50011929451906802822016-10-07T03:05:00.002-07:002020-01-15T00:15:09.231-08:00Brief Info about Annapurna Circuit</br>
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Brief Info about Annapurna Circuit:</div>
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First this route is not the original route 1 out of 1000 people travel this way. Most of the people <span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">do it the way around as that's easier and the right way.</span></div>
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Everyone should travel to Annapurna circuit as the real beauty of Nepal lies here. People sitting in home travelling around Kathmandu and city areas around luxury will know how beautiful our country actually is. Tilicho Lake being the highest lake in the world lies in the route. Foreigners pay rs 5000 each just to enter the route and we Nepali just have to walk spend a minimum amount. It's not even that hard and the view is just majestic. Eating a pizza at 4900m feels good and munching on a snickers at 5300m at Tho-Rong La Pass is very satisfying with the view surrounded my snow and mountains. Some parts will be difficulty Tilicho Lake would be your favorite place in the world as the water is so blue with snow capped mountains surrounding it. And you get Nepali discounts also at shops.<br />
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Route:<br />
Day 1 Kathmandu to Pokhara: NRs 500 for bus lunch as choice 500 for room at night.<br />
Day 2 Ticket in front of chilly bar, Pokhara to Jomsom: NRs. 1000<br />
Lunch on choice.<br />
Day 3 Jomsom to Muktinath: NRs 300 jeep/ bus or 6 hrs hike from there to Charmbu Duration: 1.5 hrs hike<br />
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Day 4 Charmbu to Thorong La Pass to height camp to Thorong La Fedi 12 hrs walk, There will be nothing on middle so take water and snickers.<br />
Day 5 Thorong La Fedi to Shree Kharga: 6-7 hrs hike<br />
Day 6 Shree Kharga to Tilicho Base Camp to Tilicho and back yo Tilicho Base Camp<br />
Day 7 Tilicho Base Camp to Manang<br />
Day 8 Take a jeep cost: NRs. 2000 till last stop and take a bus to Pokhara or Kathmandu from there if found in time.</div>
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Total budget: NRs. 17,000</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;">
A snickers will cost: NRs. 100<br />
A bottel of water will cost: NRs. 200<br />
Rice between NRs. 300-700 (will be discounted)<br />
Room will cost NRs. 100-200 below manag if you eat there they won't charge you.</div>
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</br>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-35353823755166579572016-10-06T21:30:00.002-07:002016-10-06T21:30:47.349-07:00Nepal – Britain Friendship Treaty 21 December 1923<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWPMcf2zXLHVSBJfa4NETVfnqQ7TK8PAxWdGy6w0hJtJVjv3DJR8UGeQvRzT2zXNt74o8mZeXDiVQgXccortFEjxLeevMiWzZLOy2d7KHZ7hp2YRVNlQppeVnrmn3RZaO5_L2eZ2gtD1b4/s1600/leaf+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWPMcf2zXLHVSBJfa4NETVfnqQ7TK8PAxWdGy6w0hJtJVjv3DJR8UGeQvRzT2zXNt74o8mZeXDiVQgXccortFEjxLeevMiWzZLOy2d7KHZ7hp2YRVNlQppeVnrmn3RZaO5_L2eZ2gtD1b4/s1600/leaf+copy.jpg" /></a><br />
treaty of friendship among great britain and nepal signed at kathmandu, 21st december 1923, and be aware bearing the identical date respecting the importation of fingers and ammunition into nepal – 1923.<br />
( change of ratifications happened at kathmandu at the 8th april 1925)<br />
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<h2>
</h2>
<br />
TREATY<br />
<br />
Whereas space and friendship have now existed between the British Government and the Government of Nepal since the signing of the Treaty of Segowlie on the 2nd day of December 1815; and whereas since that date the Government of Nepal has ever displayed its true friendship for the British Government and the British Government has as constantly shown its good-will towards the Government of Nepal; and whereas the government of both the countries are now desirous of still further strengthening and cementing the good relations and friendship which have subsisted between them for more than a century; the two High Contracting Parties having resolved to conclude a new treaty of Friendship have agreed upon the following Article:-<br />
<strong>Article I:</strong><br />
There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the Governments of Great Britain and Nepal, and the two Governments agree mutually acknowledge and respect each other’s independence both internal and external.<br />
<br />
<strong>Article II:</strong><br />
All previous treaties, agreements and engagements, since and including the Treaty of Segowlie of 1815, which have been concluded between the two Government are hereby conformed, except so far as they may be altered by the present Treaty.<span id="more-1121"></span><br />
<br />
<strong>Article III:</strong><br />
As the preservation of peace and friendly relations with the neighbouring States whose territories adjoin their common frontiers is to the mutual interests of both the High Contracting Parties, they hereby agree to inform each other of any rupture such friendly relations, and each to exert its good offices as far as may be possible to remove such friction and misunderstanding.<br />
<strong>Article IV:</strong><br />
Each of the High Contracting Parties will use all such measure as it may deem practicable t prevent its territories being used for purpose inimical to the security of the other.<br />
<br />
<strong>Article V:</strong><br />
In view of the longstanding friendship that has subsisted between the British Government and the Government of Nepal and for the sake of cordial neighbourly relations between them , the British Government agrees that the Nepal Government shall be free to import from or through British India into Nepal whatever arms, ammunition, machinery, warlike material or stores may be required or desired for the strength and welfare of Nepal, and that this arrangement shall hold good for all times as long as the British Government is satisfied that the intentions of the Nepal Government are friendly and that there is no immediate danger to India from such importations. The Nepal such arms, ammunition, etc., across the frontier of Nepal either by the Nepal Government or by private individuals.<br />
If, however, any convention for the regulation of the Arms Traffic, to which the British Government may be a party, shall come into force, the right of importation of arms and ammunition by the Nepal Government shall be subject to the proviso that the Nepal Government shall first become a party to that Convention, and that such importation shall only be made in accordance with the provisions of that Convention.<br />
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<strong>Article VI:</strong><br />
No Customs duty shall be levied at British Indian ports on goods imported on behalf of the Nepal Government of immediate transport to that country provided that a certificate from such authority as may from time to time be determined by the two governments shall be presented at the time of importation to the Chief Customs Officer at the port of import setting forth that the goods are the property of the Nepal Government, are required for the public services of the Nepal Government are not for the purpose of any State monopoly or State trade, and are being to Nepal under orders of the Nepal Government, The British Government also agrees to the grant in respect of all trade goods, imported at British Indian ports for immediate transmission to Katmandu without breaking bulk en route, of a rebate of the full duty paid, provided that in accordance with arrangements already agreed to, between the two Governments, such goods may break bulk for repacking at the port of entry under Customs supervision in accordance with such rules as may from time to time be laid down in this behalf. The rebate may be claimed on the authority of a certificate signed by the said authority that the goods have arrive at Katmandu with Customs seals unbroken and otherwise untampered with.<br />
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<strong>Article VII:</strong><br />
This Treaty signed in the part of the British Government by Lieutenenat-Colonel W.F.T. O’Connor, C.I.E., C.V.O., British Envoy at the Court of Nepal and on the part of Nepal Government by General His Highness Maharaja Sir Chandra Shumsher Junga Bahadur Rana, G.C.B, G.C.S.I., G.D.M.G., G.C.V.O., D.C.I., Thong-lin Pimma Kokang- Wang-Syan, Prime Minister and Marshal of Nepal , shall be ratified and the ratification shall be exchanged at the Katmandu as soon as practicable.<br />
<em>Signed and sealed at Kathmandu this the twenty first day of December in the year one thousand nine hundred and twenty three Anno Domini Corresponding with the Sixth Paush, Sambat Era one thousand nine hundred and eighty.</em><br />
W.F.T O’Connor, LT.Col. ( Under Vernacular Translation of Treaty )<br />
British Envoy at the Chandra Shumshere,<br />
Court of Nepal Prime Minister and Marshal of Nepal.<br />
Note:- From the Prime Minister of Nepal, to the British Envoy at the Court of Nepal.<br />
Nepal, December 21, 1923<br />
My dear Colonel O’Connor, Regarding the purchase of arms and ammunitions which the Government of Nepal busy from time to time for the strength and welfare of Nepal, and imports to its own territory from and through British India in accordance with Article V of the Treaty between the two Governments, the Government of Nepal hereby agrees that it will, from time to time before the importation of arms and ammunition at British Indian Ports, furnish detailed lists of such arms and ammunitions to the British Envoy at the Court of Nepal in order that the British Government may be in a position to issue instructions to the port authorities to afford the necessary facilities for their importation in accordance with Article VI of this Treaty.<br />
I am, etc.Chandra<br />
To<br />
Lieutenant-Colonel W.F.T. O’Connor, C.I.E., CVO,.<br />
British Envoy at the Court of Nepal.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-66149103533285206932016-10-06T21:28:00.001-07:002016-10-06T21:28:44.886-07:00Nepal – India Peace And Friendship Treaty 31 July 1950<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpBybcRRxz8H_Jr-NXklal8o9e1lkZDUyiWMlNEuOh-WS2fWkpKfLUMMXcJIG5tV5vWpdOPffPwQc56emwlpCvd9r7zfuMLyFEVQSdnecx4Nqhw3AojWR5akA43pw7cm2nv4e9bu9OLZWt/s1600/1leaf+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpBybcRRxz8H_Jr-NXklal8o9e1lkZDUyiWMlNEuOh-WS2fWkpKfLUMMXcJIG5tV5vWpdOPffPwQc56emwlpCvd9r7zfuMLyFEVQSdnecx4Nqhw3AojWR5akA43pw7cm2nv4e9bu9OLZWt/s1600/1leaf+copy.jpg" /></a><br />
The government of india and the government of nepal spotting the historic ties which have happily eisted between the two international locations for cenuries.<br />
needing nonetheless furthere to strengthen and expand these ties and to perpetuate peace between international locations.<br />
<br />
have resolved consequently to go into into a treaty of peace and friendship with each other, and have for this reason, appointed as their plenipotentiaries the following men and women, namely, the government of india, his excellency shri chandreshwar prasad narain singh, ambassador of india in nepal; the authorities of nepal, mohun shamsher, jang bahadur rana, maharaja, prim minister and supreme commander-in-leader of nepal, who having examined each different’s credentials and discovered them precise and in due form having agreed as follows:<br />
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<strong>Article I</strong><br />
There shall be everlasting peace and friendship between the Government of India and the Government of Nepal. The two Government agrees mutually to acknowledge and respect the complete sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of each other.<br />
<strong>Article II</strong><br />
The two Governments hereby undertake to inform each other of any serious friction or misunderstanding with any neighbouring State likely to cause any breach in the friendly relations subsisting between the two Governments.<br />
<strong>Article III</strong><br />
In order to establish and maintain the relations referred to in Article I the two Governments agree to continue diplomatic relations with each other by means of representatives with such staff as is necessary for the due performance of their functions. The representatives and such of these staff as may be agreed upon shall enjoy such diplomatic privileges and immunities as are customarily granted by international law of a reciprocal basis, provide that in no case shall these be less than those granted to persons of a similar status of any State having diplomatic relations with either Government.<br />
<strong>Article IV</strong><br />
The two Government agree to appoint Consul-Generals, Consuls , Vice Consuls and other consular agents, who shall reside in towns, ports and other places in each other’s territory as may be agreed to Consul-Generals, Consul, Vice-Consuls and consular agents shall be provided with exequators or authorization of their appointment. Such exequator or authorization is liable to be withdrawn which issued to , if considered necessary. The reason for the withdrawal shall be indicated wherever possible.<br />
The persons mentioned above shall enjoy on a reciprocal basis all the rights, privileges, exemptions and immunities that are accorded to persons of corresponding status of any other state.<br />
<strong>Article V</strong><br />
The Government of Nepal shall be free to import, from or through the territory of India, arms, ammunitions or warlike materials and equipment necessary for this arrangement shall be worked out by the two Governments acting in consultation.<br />
<strong>Article VI</strong><br />
Each Government undertakes, in token of the neighborly friendship between India and Nepal, to give to the nationals of the other, in its territory, national treatment with regard to participation in industrial and economic development of such territory and to the grant of concessions and contracts relating to such development.<br />
<strong>Article VII</strong><br />
The Government of India and Nepal agree to grant, on reciprocal basis , to the nationals of one country in the territories of the other the same privileges in the matter of residence, ownership of property, participation in trade and commerce, movement and privileges of a similar nature.<br />
<strong>Article VIII</strong><br />
So far as matter dealt with herein are concerned, the Treaty cancels all previous treaties, agreements, and engagements entered into on behalf of India between the British Government and the Government of Nepal.<br />
<strong>Article IX</strong><br />
This treaty shall come into force from the date of signature by both Governments.<br />
<strong>Article X</strong><br />
The Treaty shall remain in force until it is terminated by either party by giving one year’s notice.<br />
Done in duplicate in Kathmandu this 31st day of July 1950<br />
<strong>SD</strong><br />
Chandreshwar Prasad Narain Singh<br />
For The Government Of India<br />
<strong>SD</strong><br />
Mohan Shamsher Jang Bhahadur Rana<br />
For The Government Of NepalUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-9548401593301551602016-10-01T00:54:00.002-07:002016-10-01T00:54:13.431-07:00SIX REASONS WHY GREATER NEPAL IS POSSIBLE.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwJFHUI_jPHhHiksA4XWusLcjy8HnLr25efRwe98pyRvbDSkDEogp9F_6VR7uJa-TeCjhG9byZ9U4Ea7tx-9GiaGsvgAcgzDY2TCjTnGNEeLbZd_jkVmJtmX6o6FYLXg-MeH7bRLqknag/s1600/greater_nepal29344.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwJFHUI_jPHhHiksA4XWusLcjy8HnLr25efRwe98pyRvbDSkDEogp9F_6VR7uJa-TeCjhG9byZ9U4Ea7tx-9GiaGsvgAcgzDY2TCjTnGNEeLbZd_jkVmJtmX6o6FYLXg-MeH7bRLqknag/s1600/greater_nepal29344.jpg" /></a></div>
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There is More reason why Greater Nepal is Possible. The sugauly treaty done by thereat not independently. And its not done by Authoress King of Nepal even Treaty say. So there is most reason why Greater Nepal is Possible. </div>
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1) According to international laws, if a treaty is signed under threat, it's is void. So, sugauli treaty is void.<br />
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2)International laws says that if there is the absence of any of the signatories, the treaty is void.<br />
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3) There is no british east india company now (after 1947). So the land is, legally, of Nepal.<br />
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4) Even if the Sugauli treaty exists, the land is still Nepal's, legally. Becozz the term "inperpetuity" means something is taken for a lease/rent and the same term is used for the territories of Nepal in the sugauli treaty.<br />
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5) The main aim of treaty of 1950 signed between U.K. and Nepal was to return back the land of nepal which the Ranas didn't bothered to listen to the British.
And the last one<br />
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6) Next treaty signed in 1950 between nepal and india states that all the treaties signed between Nepal and East India before that day were nullified.
S<br />
<br />
o, sugauli treaty is also nullified.
Hence, places like Nainital, kumaon, gadhwal, Darjeeling, Sikkim, teria parts upto Allahbad in the south must be returned to Nepal.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-77577021518912248492016-10-01T00:53:00.002-07:002016-10-01T00:53:22.052-07:00History of Nepal <span lang="EN">Nepal has interesting history.let me tell you in details. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Many dynasties ruled over nepal within the beyond.it is believed that the gopal dynasty changed into the first.in sanskrit cross way cow and pal approach gentle.as a result,the gopals came from mathura,india,with lord <b>krishna</b> inside the <b>silver age(dwaper age)</b>.they established pashupatinath and worshipped him.with their arrival,</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;"> <b> </b></span><br />
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">Mahishpals </span></b><span lang="EN">who succeeded the Gopals ruled Nepal for</span><span lang="EN"> <b>161 years</b>.Mahish in sanskriti means buffalo and pal means tender.They also came from Mathura after the Gopals.They were also called Ahirs.They were engaged in agriculture and animal hudbandry.</span><br />
<span lang="EN"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">The kirants</span></b><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN">came and overthrew the Mahishpals,and ruled Nepal for some</span><span lang="EN"> </span><b><span lang="EN">1,225 years</span></b><span lang="EN">.They occupy a prominent place among the indigenous people of Nepal.Many religious texts like the Mahabharata,Vedas,Ramayana,Puranas including other ancient literature like kautiliya’s Arthasatra have mentioned about the kirants.</span><br />
<span lang="EN"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN">the primary kirant king became <b>yalambar.</b>the kirants were of <b>mongolian stock</b>.they worshiped lord shiva inside the shape of kiranteswar mahadev.additionally they worshiped snakes,cats,monkeys,eagles,trees,rivers,stones and so forth.it indicates that they believed in nature worship.their holy book changed into known as mundhum.they performed their rites and rituals in step with their mundhum.language and script improvement during their rule.that they had their own script it.by the point of the kirant rule,a partriarchic society changed into hooked up in nepal though their ladies oldsters fought along guys in the course of the battle.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN">After the kirants came the Lichhavis.Among the inhabitants of ancient Nepal,they were a civilized and cultured race.They are said to be the first </span><b><span lang="EN">Aryans to rule</span></b><span lang="EN"> Nepal.Supashpa,<b>the first Lichhavi</b> ruler,founded the Lichchhavi dynasty.Many Lichchhavi kings ruled in their eight centuries of dynastic succession <b>Mandev</b> and <b>Amshuverma </b>were other famous rulers of the Lichchhavi period.In many stone and metals plates of the Lichhavi period,one finds the language of the kiranti period like hamhu,kumhu,sing,gu etc.in use.</span><br />
<span lang="EN"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN"> During </span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">the Lichhavi period</span></b><span lang="EN">,language ,script and culture were further refined.The lichhavi rulers took great interest in the welfare and prosperity of the people.The health of the people was given priority;health centers were built.The Lichhavi had a patriarchal society where women were respected.Women worked like men in the affairs of the state.They were also given full freedom in education and religion.In the Lichhavi period,joint family system was in practice.If any one was caught for theft,murder or seditious act,his entire family was penalized in those days.Amshuverma put a halt to this practice,and only the guilty was punished.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN"> </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 22pt;"> Man behind Nepal unification and their history</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSNpmad3rBByQDph6uVvdDlJmh22wCP-hqduRu81QSwVpn8Y54z2fq24YIaGF_bwGPhDRfqBSadf62Z4760P2LlpXcxe5PjBLeHPCMVHwCZAxrSdEoXCP5gB09_7P5LNac4eocQL2I7n8/s1600/89713554.bKG5Fgrf.NepalNov072540.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSNpmad3rBByQDph6uVvdDlJmh22wCP-hqduRu81QSwVpn8Y54z2fq24YIaGF_bwGPhDRfqBSadf62Z4760P2LlpXcxe5PjBLeHPCMVHwCZAxrSdEoXCP5gB09_7P5LNac4eocQL2I7n8/s320/89713554.bKG5Fgrf.NepalNov072540.jpg" width="217" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSk14DpVnKCqPW-XsHJ4NRLRvH3x94L9BLEPxAfLMrd4u4zwXouGWEEM21g8HV_hgDJnGhLmYjbHMZz0zxrJ2d4cLAL69Myun-N32NVLeDu9Ja-1IITVrh1mEkYX88Tt5qqxRCbXXSAJQ/s1600/89713554.bKG5Fgrf.NepalNov072540.jpg" style="float: right;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"></span></a><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> Prithvi Narayan Shah</span></b> gave stability to the unification of Nepal.Prithvi Narayan Shah was born on 27<sup>th</sup> of Poush,1779BS (7<sup>th</sup> of jan 1723 AD) in Gorkha.Gorkha was quite powerful among the chaubise States of Gandaki region.He was enthroned after the demise of King Naraphupal Shah in 1799 BS.In a decicated efforts to fulfil the dreams of his father,King Prithvi Narayan Shah for the <b>first attempt</b> <b>attacked Nuwakot in 1800 BS</b>.However,he lost.On this account,he diverted his attention to empowering the military force.</div>
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He,with ammunitions,guns,gunpowder,etc.came back to Gorkha from Varanasi (Banaras).Then Nuwakot was under Kathmandu.It protection was monitored and supervised by Jayanta Rana.Jayanta Rana was previously the army head of Narabhupal Shah.After the first defeat of Gorkha with Nuwakot,he took asylum in Kathmandu and Jay Parkash Malla deputed him to govern over Nuwakot.Jayanta Rana had visited Kathmandu when Gorkha made an attack at Nuwakot for the second time.Jayanta Rana had handed the responsibility of the security of Nuwakot to his son Sankhami Rana before his visit to kathmandu.Meantime,Gorkhalis killed <b>Sankhamani Rana</b> <b>during the conquest of Nuwakot</b>. </div>
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An attack was made at Belkot after the conquest of Nuwakot.In this course of time,Jayanta Rana had returned to Belkot from Kathmandu.He was apprehended and dispatched in this Belkot fight.After triumph over Nuwakot,<b>Prithvi Narayan Shah planned to attack Kathmandu Valley</b>.He captured Farping,Pandey gawn,Sunagawn,Khokhna and other villages.Later,he attacked Kirtipur.The three Malla States combated with the Gorkhalis.<b>Kalu Pandey was butchered in this battle</b>.The Gorkhalis did not have any choice except for surrender.Prithvi Narayan Shah did not concede even after this defeat.Fight was rampant between the kingdoms of the Kathmandu Valley.In the meantime Prithvi Narayan Shah seized Palanchowk,Shivapuri,Kavrekot and Kavilashpur taking advantage of the disunity of the valley kings.On account of existence of trail from Makwanpur to Kathmandu Valley to export goods Prithivi Narayan Shah began an <b>attack at Makwanpur</b>.King Digbandhan Sen of Makwanpur absconded from the raid.Makwanpur was by far captured.<b>The military force of Nawab Mirkasim of Bengal,as a guard for defense of Makwanpur King,detailed in the supervision of Gurgin Khan,also submitted Moreover,the Gorkhali troops took over Hariharpur.</b></div>
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King Digbandhan Sen of Makwanpur and his family were captured.Under the supervision of <b>Sur Pratap</b>,<b> Shah the Gorkhali troops attacked Kritipur</b>.However,they became <b>unsuccessful again</b>.After a huge military training,Prithivi Narayan Shah <b>raided over Kritipur</b>.He was able to <b>capture Kritipur</b>.Prithivi Narayan Shah cut off the facial parts of fifteen Kritipure for the death of few Gorkhalis caused by them.</div>
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<b> King Jay Prakash Malla</b> of Kathmandu sought assistance from the<b> British India Company</b> to defeat Gorkhali troops.The British came with the armed force to fight against Gorkhalis.After the British force went back,the Gorkhalis proceeded ahead to <b>conquer Kathmandu valley</b>.<b><i>On the day of Indra Jatra,the Gorkhalis conquered Kathmandu.Finally,</i></b><i>King Jay Prakash Malla went to King Tej Narsingh Malla of</i> Patan.After the seize over patan by the Gorkhalis ,King Tej Narsingh Malla of Patan and King Jay Prakash Malla fo Kathmandu went to Bhaktapur for security. </div>
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Despite the letter sent by Prithivi Narayan Shah to King Ranjeet Malla asking him not give asylum to Jay Prakash Malla and Tej Narsingh,<b>Ranjeet Malla refused for three consecutive days and this resulted in the</b> <b>slaughter of 1700 soldiers of Bhaktapur and 50 soldiers of the Gorkhali troops.In fact,King Ranjeet</b> <b>Malla was the blood brother(Meet Baa) of Prithivi Narayan Shah’s father</b>.Finally,King of war in Laxmipur where he passed away.As per his wish,Prithivi Narayan Shah made arrangements for Tej Narsingh Malla to burn his dead body in Arya Ghat.the Gorkhalis <b>after the conquest of three Malla States headed towards West to invade the Chaubise Rajyas,However in Tanahun battel the Gorkhalis had to suffer failure.</b></div>
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<b> In the east,Bijaypur and Chaudandi States were powerful</b>.<b>Nevertheless,the Gorkhalis with remarkable gallantry subjugated Chaudandi.The Gorkhalis maintained the annexation to Bijaypur across Koshi,which resulted Nepal’s unification up to Tista River.</b></div>
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Thus, Prithivi Narayan Shah extended “Nepal to Mechi river in the east,Tibet in the North,Bihar(India)<b> in</b> the South<b>”</b>.<b>Prithivi Narayan Shah passed away on Magh 1,1811 BS.</b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18pt;"> After the death of King prithvi Narayan shah......</span></b></div>
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<b> The Regency of Queen Rajendra Laxmi</b></div>
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After the <b>death of Prithivi Narayan Shah</b> ,his descendants gave continuity to his unification campaign<b>.His son Pratap Singh Shah became the king</b> and he was successful to extend the territory of Nepal upto Kavilashpur,Upardand Gandhi,Sumeswor-Godhi and Chitwan .<b>Pratap Singh Shah untimely</b> <b>passed away</b>.<b>After his death his small son Rana Bahadur Shah,two and half years old,was put into</b> <b>throne</b>.He was too young to handle the political matters and govern of the country.So,<b>his mother Rajendra Laxmi took over the power and became the regent.She also could not proceed on with the political efficiency herself</b>.She asked a favour from <b>her brother-in-law Bahadur Shah who was residing</b> <b>at Betia of India at that time</b>.when Rajendra Laxmi called him back he came to Nepal and ruled the <b>country jointly for five months</b>.Later,he had a misunderstanding with Rajendra Laxmi in the matter of his intension to annex Tanahun state.Therefore he again returned to Betia.Having learned their misunderstanding <b>Parbat,Lamjung and Tanahun states united together and attacked on Gorkha in</b> <b>January of 1780 AD</b>.However,the Gorkhali troops under Amar Singh Thapa defeated them.During the region of Rajendra Laxmi,She was in the mission of western unification so,She sent Gorkhali troops to invade Tanahun under the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa,Bansraj Pandey,Damodar Pandey and Balvadra Kunwar.<b>The state of Kaski also suffered a heavy loss of Gorkhali’s attack over Tanahun</b>.Because of the Kaski estates act of treachery,24 states were deafeated by the Gorkhali troops.Parbat did not digest the act of kaski,so<b> declared war against kaski and made a fierce attack</b>.In such a situation Kaski sought help from Gorkha.<b>Both Kaski and Gorkhali troops combinedly fought against Parbat</b>.This was a devastating battle .Parbat suffered a heavy loss in this battle.After defeating Parbat the Gorkhali troop which was under the leadership of <b>Bansraj Pandey</b> withdrew from the battle field.After sometime Gorkhali troops were again heading to <b>conquer Parbat and Palpa</b>,meantime Kaski attacked Lamjung.Later the success was in the side of Gorkhali troops who kept on capturing pallo Nuwakot.Garhun,Rasing,Virkot,Satahun etc.Within a year all <b>24 states were annexed to Gorkha</b> <b>Kingdom</b>.It was obivious that Rajendra Laxmi played a vital role under her regency in the unification campaign of 24 states.<b>It</b> <b>was misfortune that Rajendra Laxmi passed away on 2<sup>nd</sup> Shrawan,1842 BS</b>.</div>
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After the demise of Rajendra Laxmi,<b>Bahadur Shah returned to Nepal</b> <b>and acted as a regent on behalf of</b> <b>the minor King Rana Bahadur Shah</b>.The annexation of Palpa and Parbat was still incomplete so he intended to conquere other states also including palpa and Parbat and make bigger Nepal.For this purpose he tied a matrimonial Knot with the <b>daughter of King Mahadutta Sen</b>.This relation became a significant gateway on the way to unification .In 1843 BS Bahadur Shah invaded Arghakhanchi,Durkot and Gulmi.Parbat was also annexed into Nepal in Ashwin the same year.Being encouraged with the annexation,Bahadur Shah wished to unify more states of western part so he sent Gorkhali troops to Pyuthan,Dang,Rolpa and were captured.At the same time Jajarkot came under the rule of Nepal.In this way <b>Bahadur Shah was able to annex 24 and 22 states of Gandaki and Karnali region into greater</b> <b>Nepal</b>.Then his attention was attracted to western Kumaoun and Godhawal beyond Mahakali river.Under the leadership of Amarshing Thapa,being gallant,headed to invade kumaoun and Godhawal.</div>
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On account of Bahadur Shah’s successful Leadership,Nepali troops exceeded with their expectation.Under the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa,the Nepali troops seized Dailekh,Achham including Tarimghat and Surkhet.After the conquest over Almoda across Mahakali river Nepali troops captured Alanknanda region without armed attack.However,to conquer Alaknanda,Gorkhali troops had to fight with King Gadawali .Nepali troops reached up to Alaknanda after <b>signing a treaty with the new</b> <b>government of Kumaun</b>.Gorkhali troops took over Almoda;Kingdom of the new government of Kumaunon 11 th Chaitra,1847 BS and Kingdom of Gadhawal on 12 th Ashadh,1848 BS. </div>
<div>
Thus,<b>Bahadur Shah </b>made great contributions in Nepal’s Unification Campaingn.Beginning from Prithivi Naraayna Shah,the Unification Campaign continued until Bahadur Shah’s regency or governance.It is natural for any Nepali to sympathize with the fact that along with the growth of <b>Ran Bahadur shah,he imprisoned Bahadur Shah on the charge of treason.</b>However,Bahadur Shah was farsighted,politician,efficient administrator,patriot and an able son.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-72391698140855174192016-10-01T00:52:00.002-07:002020-01-04T03:18:35.180-08:00Looking for Greater Nepal <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The most connosieurs of south asian news and politics declare now not to trust that there's a motion afoot to create a "extra nepal" along the himalayan rim-land of south asia. like jyoti basu, the chief minister of west bengal, they hold that the idea is a "bogey" driven opportunisti¬cally by means of a handful of regional actors.<br />
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however there are a few diplomatic and media circles within the indian capital of recent delhi, who profess to lake seriously the idea of a greater nepal "conspiracy" or "gameplan". whether or not each person believes it or now not, consequently, "extra nepal" becomes an issue of geopo¬litical significance.<br />
the ones who've g iven greater nepal a excessive media profile during the last two years, seemingly appearing independently of each different, are dawa tshering, foreign minister of bhutan, and subhas ghising, chairman of the darjeeling gorkha hill council.<br />
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Ghising has had ongoing spats with West Bengal´s Left Front government and Sikkim´s Chief Minister Nar Bahadur Bhandari. His method of confronting these challenges has been to raise a scare with issues relating to territory, language and national¬ism. Over the last coupleof years, Ghisinghas claimed that: Darjeeling is a no-man´s-land due to lacunae in the 1950 Indo-Nepal Friend¬ship Treaty; that Kalimpong is leased territory actually belonging to Bhutan; that ´Gorkhali´ rather than Nepali should have been the offi¬cially recognised language in India; and that there exists a conspiracy for Greater Nepal.<br />
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Ina26JuLy 1991 letter to the Prime Minister of India, Ghising asserted that the recognition of´Nepali´ rather than´Gorkhali´ helped stabilise the GreaterNepal movement, which was a communist plot clandestinely supported by Indian leftists and Bhandari. The Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist Leninist), Nepal´spowerfuloppositionin Parliamen t, Ghising warned, was demanding (he return of Nepali territories ceded to the British.<br />
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"That is why I am spending sleep¬less nights," Ghising confessed to The States¬man of Calcutta. "My sixth sense and political acumen have repeatedly alerted me of the grave danger that the manifestations of the Greater Nepal movement .pose to the Indian Union. Surprisingly, this danger iscompletely unknown to the rulers in Delhi and Calcutta..."<br />
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TheForeign Minister of Bhutan finds common cause with Ghising. In January 1992, Dawa Tshering told a visiting Amnesty Inter¬national delegation that Nepali-speaking south-em Bhutanese rebels were "supported by groups and individuals in India andNepal who support the concept of a greater Nepal, which is based on the premise that the Himalayas are die natural home of the Nepalese, a myth which is not supported by historical fact."<br />
The concept had attracted Nepati politicians in India and Nepal because "the green hills of Bhutan have become a paradise for the land-hungry and job-hungry poor, illit¬erate Nepali peasants from across the border."<br />
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In Autumn 1992, as reported by the Kuensel weekly of Thimphu, theForeign Min¬ister informed the Tshongdu (National As* sembly) that thepolitical parties and people of Nepal were supporting the "anti-nationals" of soudiern Bhutan not merely because of ethnic affinity, "but more out of their deep-seated desire to promote the concept of a Greater Nepal". The plan envisaged "Nepalese domi¬nation over the entire Himalayas by bringing Bhutan, parts of the Duars in West Bengal and Assam and the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland under Nepalese control just as in the case of Sikkim and Darjeeling."<br />
<br />
A Historical Yearning<br />
Of course, there was once a Greater Nepal — an historical Greater Nepal — but it did not last for long.<br />
Until the mid-1700s, the principali¬ties of the Central Himalayan region had been content at fighting each other for strategic advantage. But then, emerging from the mini-state of Gorkha, Prithvi Narayan Shah dev ised a method of mountain warfare, conquest and consolidation which extended his domain far beyond what earlier rajas had ever contem¬plated.<br />
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Within four decades, Prithvi Narayan and his immediate successors had incorpo¬rated the prize of Kathmandu Valley and pushed the Gorkhali frontiers from the Kirat regions eastwards to beyond the Karnali prin¬cipalities of the west. The Gorkhali empire-builders then lunged westwards across the Mahakaliriverinto Kumaon, taking it in 1790. Garhwal was conquered in 1804, and other cis-Sutlej principalities were taken until the Gorkhali forces were laying seige to the fort of Kangra. Beyond, and probably within reach, lay Kashmir.<br />
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In 1813, this historical Greater Nepal extended from the Sutlej to the Teesta, span¬ning 1500 kilometres. Rule over this expanse was brief, however, and the 1814-1815 war with the East India Company saw theGorkhali realm whittled down considerably. The real¬time Gorkhali presence in Garhwal was for a little over adecade; Kumaon for 25 years; and Sikkim for 33 years. The Treaty of Sugauli, between a chastened Gorkhali state and the Company, was ratified in 1816. It stripped Kathmandu´srulersofaboul 105,000 sq km of territory and left Nepal as she is today: a country of 142,000 sq km that has not shown extra-territorial ambitions since.<br />
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Even as the historical Greater Nepal went into eclipse, there began a process of migration out of the Central Himalaya which would lead to demographic conflicts more than acentury later. During what one historian has characterised as the "silent years" of 19th century Nepal, the pressuresof the State on the ethnic and other hill communities increased dramatically. Political repression, economic exploitation and, possibly, over-population, pushed peasants eastwards along hill and Duar towards the Indian Northeast, where the Brit¬ish needed Nepali brawn to harvest timber and to open up territories for settlement and tea gardens. Over the decades and well into the 1900s, Nepalis became heavily concentrated in the lower hills of Sikkim, Bhutan and in the Duars.Inlessernumbers, they extended them¬selves right across the Northeast and as far as today´s Myanmar.<br />
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Would this scattered community of Nepali labour/peasantry ever come together to form a Greater Nepal?<br />
The Likely Conspirators<br />
Under presentcircumstances,aGreaterNepal could emerge from one of three directions: the Nepali State, the Sikkimese state, or the Lhotshampa Nepali-speakers of southern Bhutan.<br />
The Nepali State. After historical Qjeater Nepal was truncated by the Treaty of Sugauli, Nepal entered an insular era which lasted till 1951. Much of this period was under the Rana oligarchs, who understood well that they were not to eye the neighbouring territo¬ries of the Raj.<br />
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With the overthrow of the Ranas, Kathmandu´s middle class shook off its cen¬tury-old political shackles and was swept away by an upwelling of dated Gorkhali sentimen¬tality. Childhood textbooks harked back to the halycondays of expansion, andpatriotic songs extolled the Gorkhali prowess. However, while there was a yearning for a glorious past, there was no militancy.<br />
One folk lyric, collected in the early 1950s by Dharma Raj Thapa, went like this:<br />
What has happened to usNepalis?<br />
Our own songs have alt been lost.<br />
We did twice best the Germans in battle.<br />
We did take the Sutlej and Kangra.<br />
But today out own voice is heard no more. A pan-Nepali movement did not emerge because Nepalis realised that the new Indian rulers had merely supplanted the Brit¬ish Viceroy.<br />
If Nepali politicians gave up the thought of incorporating Ka/igra"^ and Darjeelirig, it w^s not necessarily because they did not relish the prospect. It´Was more the impracticability of establishing a Greater Nepal on India´s front lawn. A Greater Nepal would have to include the takeover of Sikkim (now a state of the Indian Union) and Bhutan<br />
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(which falls squarely under New Delhi´s secu¬rity umbrella). Which government of Nepal, whether Nepali Congress or any Left com¬bine, would be willing to take such a dare!? As one diplomat in Kallunandu asked rhetori¬cally, "Would not any Greater Nepal move by Katlunandu bring it up against a certain insti¬tution called the Indian Amiy?"<br />
The three decades of the autocratic Panchayat system might have provided lei¬surely occasions to push for a "Brihat Nepal", to be spearheaded by the King, a direct de-scendant of "Badamaharaj" PrilhviNarayan. Ho w ev er, the defining foreign p o I icy demarche during King Birendra´s years as unfettered monarch was actually the Zone of Peace pro¬posal which, far from being pan-Nepali in nature, was seen by some as an attempt by Nepal LO protect itself from a "Greater India".<br />
With the second coming of democ¬racy in the spring of 1990, the freedom to speak out has once again provided a fillip to those few who continue to be obsessed with re-establishing the Gorkhali state´s lost land and glory.<br />
A group calling itself the Greater Nepal Committee was formed in Katlunandu in July 1991. It senl a letter to some Kathmandu embassies, stating, "Since the Nepali people are now sovereign, it is but natural that they worry about their nation and the perpetual security of its territorial integrity." Under the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friend-ship, India should restore unconditionally to Nepal the territories east of the Mechi river and west of Mahakali. The Committee´s ob¬jective was "to create a world-wide public opinion in favour of the ´Greater Nepal´ and to achieve it."<br />
The letter was signed by Surendra<br />
Dhakal as member of the Committee. Dhakal,<br />
till recently, was the editor of a two-year-old<br />
Kalhmandu weekly, Rangamanch. Dhaka!<br />
says that by campaigning for Greater Nepal,<br />
he was fulfilling his moral and nationalistic<br />
duty. But why is it that he seems to be crying<br />
in the wilderness? He replies, "Right across<br />
the political spectrum, Nepali leaders are<br />
cowed down by fear of India, which is why<br />
they were unwilling to speak out In support."<br />
Dhakal said he did not know of any organisation<br />
/"b´therthan his own that was pushing for a<br />
. Greater Nepal. <>..<br />
Whatever might be the seriousness with which some individuals and groups re¬gard Greater Nepal, their enthusiasm might be dampened somewhat when they look within the nation-state of Nepal. Since the spring of 1990, there has been a surge of ethnic and regional assertion within Nepali boundaries. At a time when the Nepali State is looking inwards to resolve these challenges, it would hardly seek external adventures that would directly challenge the Indian State.<br />
While Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala told Sikkimese journalists in Jiiapa that the Greater Nepal idea is "a product of unstable minds", Nepal´s mainstream Left seems to be just a bit ambivalent towards Greater Nepal — they like the concept but are unwilling to do anything about it.<br />
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As much is clear from the Rangamanch´s interview with Madan Bhandari, General Secretary of the CPN (UML). He said, "I do not want to make any political comment on Greater Nepal. But as far as it is a question of feeling, as a Nepali I can express the emotion that Nepali-speakers who are linked through their ancestry should be able to come together as one united family. If the Greater Nepal issue progresses ahead, then in a peaceful manner, taking into account the sentiments of alt people, this thing can be decided."<br />
Asked about current CPN (UML) policy on the matter, however, Ishwor Pokhare!, Central Committee member of the CPN (UML), was unequivocal: "We have made no fonnal statements on the question of Greater Nepal and no leader of the party has endorsed this concept. We have decried un-<br />
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equal treaties between Nepal and India, but that is in the context of the 1947 Tripartite Agreement and subsequent treaties. We have not gone back to question the Sugauli Treaty of 1816, nor asked (or cession of land to Nepal. The party regards the Greater Nepal<br />
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proposals as neither relevant nor timely and we have not taken them seriously."<br />
The Sikkimese state. Today´s Sikkim is dominated by Nepali-speakers and the Bhutia/Lepchas who were here first have been marginalised. Chief Minister Bhandari has ruled Sikkim for 12 years and emerged as the most powerful voice of Indians of Nepali-origin. A charis-matic and ambitious man, Bhandari must seek successes beyond his small state. Could a move for Greater Nepal come from him?<br />
_ Under.presenL circumstances,<br />
it is not realistic for Bhandari or any<br />
other Nepali leader in India to have vi¬<br />
sions of becoming a leader of Nepali-<br />
speakers of South Asia as a whole.<br />
"Greater Sikkim", however, seems a<br />
more likely possibility. In a July 1991<br />
press conference, as reported by the<br />
Sikkim Observer, Bhandari himself did<br />
indicate a preference for a Sikkim with<br />
Darjeeling incorporated into it; ~<br />
Sikkim´s historical claims over the Darjeeling hills would not make untenable the demand for a united state. (The Darjeeling hills were gifted by the Chogyal to the British as late as 1835,) But the establishment of such a Nepali-speaking enlarged state within India would be complicated as ii would impinge upon the turf of Ghising and West Bengal.<br />
B.S. Das, a former Indian envoy to Thimphu, is of the view that if Bhandari´s emergence as a spokesman for all the Nepalis settled in India remains within bounds, it does not become a problem. However, he writes, "if these forces are allowed to become stron¬ger by Indian neglect or Bhutanese mistakes, the concept of Maha Nepal will emerge under the garb of the so-called Greater Sikkim."<br />
The Lhotshampa. The third cat-egory of possible conspirators would be the Lhotshampa of Bhutan, in particular the 85,000-plus refugees who today populate the camps of southeast Nepal.. However, it ap¬pears that the Lhotshampa^s most logical agenda would be to strive for greater power-sharing within Bhutan.<br />
Says R.B. Basnet, President of the Bhutan National Democratic Party (BNDP), "There has been no document and no speech by any refugee leader which has spoken of Greater Nepal as our goal. This is something we have heard of only since we have come outside. It is a concept that is neither feasible nor desirable for Bhutan. It might have been brought up to create misunderstandings be-<br />
<br />
tween Nepal and India and to undercut any Nepali support for the refugees."<br />
Since the Thimphu Government seems firm on not wanting the refugees back,<br />
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´Greater Nepal´ Tshering. there is only one party that can ensure the refugees´ repatriation to their homesteads — the Government in New Delhi. And the one move that would guarantee immediate an¬tagonism from that quarter is for the refugees to agitate for a Greater Nepal. The refugee leaders perhaps realise this better than others.<br />
Until the Lhotshampas emerged as refugees, there seems to have been very little political links between them and the Nepalis of Nepal. If there is any place where there is a feeling for being ´Nepali´ today, however, itis in the refugee camps of Jhapa. Said one camp resident, "This feeling arises because the very reason we have been made refugees is because we speak Nepali. I used to feel Bhutanese first and Nepali second. Now it is the other way around."<br />
Their refugee status, thus, seems 10 have forced the Lhotshampas to feel more ´Nepali´ than before. By creating the conditions that have made Nepali-speakers into refugees on a mass scale, therefore, the Bhutanese Government might have unleashed a process of setf-identification that could be¬come uncontrollable. For the moment, how¬ever, this seems unlikely, and the refugee leadership seems little inclined to initiate or join a movement for a Greater Nepal.<br />
Eyes on New Delhi<br />
<br />
It is clear that "Greater Nepal" is used by both Thimphu and Darjeeling as a weapon in their separate battles. It is a means to make the powerful politicians and bureaucrats in New Delhi si t up and lake notice. But why is "Greater Nepal" such a convenient issue to catch New Delhi´s attention?<br />
Both Ghising arid Tshering know well the sensitivity of India´s strategists to-wards the "northern frontier". They under-stand that New Delhi would not take kindly to the emergence of a Nepali-speaking super¬state in such a strategic region, most particu¬larly the Northeast.<br />
Greater Nepal, at its geographical widest, would command the Himalayan rimland, controlling water resources, irriga-tion,, hydropower, tourism, and trade with Tibet. Added if such a state were to be foreign, under Kathmandu´s rule, this would give rise to attendant geopolitical complications that New Delhi could well do without.<br />
. .^Among New Delhi strategists, there¬fore, a Greater Nepal state would be some¬thing to avoid. At the same time, astute diplo-macy could make effective use of the Greater Nepal scenario, even if it were not entirely believable, as a means to keep the Nepali Government forever on the defensive. Stok¬ing the Greater Nepal embers every now and then could serve a purpose.<br />
What genuine concern there is in the plains about Greater Nepal probably refers back to the lurking fear that the martial Gorkhalis will one day arise and take over chunks of the Indian territory. This fear of the khukuri as a regional threat is quite dated to those who keep up with Nepali society. But many, some plains academics among them, continue to regard the "Gorkhas" as compris¬ing of one unified race with the ability to articulate a political agenda and achieve com¬plicated geopolitical designs.<br />
Journalist Sunanda K. Datta-Ray wrote recently in The International Herald Tribune that the Indian Government "has long been wary of the Nepalis". The claim for official recognition of the Nepali language is seen "as the thin end of a wedge of political demands by a martial race entrenched in pock¬ets along India´s 1,500 mile Himalayan bor¬der..."<br />
Tanka Subba, a sociologist and re¬searcher at the North Eastern Hill University in Shillong, says that there is also fear of Nepali expansion from the tens of thousands of demobilised and retired Gurkha soldiers. "With so much military experience, so the argument goes, it may be possible for Nepalis to take over areas where they dominate."<br />
With the layers of worries and suspicion about the Nepali-speaking hills (sensi-tive northern frontier, a possible super-state, a supposedly homogeneous population, the martial legacy), a suggestion that the Nepal´s Left parties are planning a Greater Nepal putsch, or that Nar Bahadur Bhandari´s popu¬larity among Nepali-speakers of India shows the way to Greater Nepal, or a suggestion that Lhotshampas of Bhutan are the vanguards of a Greater Nepal campaign — all serve Ghising´s and Tshering´s purpose to get New Delhi to see things their way.<br />
When Jyoti Basu was dismissive of the Greater Nepal issue, one Sunday Mail reporter responded in a column, "...there is more to the ´Greater Nepal´ issue than meets the eye... Jyoti Basu may dismiss the allega¬tion of a ´Greater Nepal´ movement as a ´bogey´forpolitical reasons, but the responsi¬bility of the Union government goes deeper than that."<br />
The Nepali Psyche<br />
Anirudha Gupta, political scientist at the Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, speaking on Greater Nepal, says, "There is no conspiracy, but there is an aspiration. Today, there is revival everywhere, and the Nepali-speaking middle class perhaps is no excep¬tion. Historical revivalism always brings up irredentist eruptions. In theNepali case, people may start looking back to Sugauli and the ceded territories. The middleclass intellectual aspirations have always been an easy ground to revive a feeling of past perceived wrongs. When ´we´ and ´they´ comes to the fore of discourse, history comes alive, to influence me future."<br />
Under what conditions would a pan-Nepali ´ethnogenesis´ come about, which could then be expected to lead to a potent Greater Nepal movement?<br />
There has been no wrenching inci¬dent in Nepali history, no trial by fire, that has led to the evolution of a collective national psyche. What has served to loosely bring the population together has been the force of Gorkhali expansion, the Kathmandu-based monarchy, a sense of being separate from the plains, and,´most significantly, the spread of the Nepali language.<br />
While a sense of identity is there, nationalismnever settled deep. Prithvi Narayan Shah, unifier ofNepal, is nottheiconof choice among the Nepali-speakers outside Nepal. Even Nepalis of Nepal do not make pilgrim¬ages to spots of erstwhile military martydom, suchasthebattlefieldsofNalapaniandMalaun.<br />
<br />
Instead, except in Ghising´s present-day Darjee ling, the accepted symbol of pan-Nepali cultural identity is Bhanu Bhakta Acharya, the adi kabi of Nepali literature.<br />
And the Nepali language Ls travel¬ling along the hills. The economics of modern mass communications demands a dominant language, and along the central Himalayan rimland, Nepali has slipped into that role. Nepali is ascendant even as there is an unfor¬tunate loss of ethnic languages and cultures right across the Himalaya. In order to reach the largest audience, politicians, journalists, ad-vertisers, filmmakers; entertainers, educators, tradespeople and others are making increas¬ing use of Nepali.<br />
While it is language that binds the Nepali-speakers of South Asia, it is a weak thread. The feeling of ´Nepaliness´ in the Nepali ´diaspora´ is culturally charged, but not politically so.<br />
One explanation for this weak politicisation might be that, barring Sikkim, Darjeeling and the Duars, theconcentrationof Nepalis in India is relatively low. Another could be that Nepalis do not form an ethnicity or race. For a Bengali or Marathi, it is a quick step from language to cultural identification. For good percentage of Nepalis, however, the Nepali language is a second language. There is so much that sets apart even Nepali-speak¬ers from one another — tribe, caste, class, language, region, and so oa Political mass articulation is therefore harder to achieve among Nepali-speakers than it would be for a more homogeneous population.<br />
A serious move towards Greater Nepal would have to have its origins in the targeting and humiliation of Nepali-speakers from all over, in an extreme scale, for being Nepali-speakers. Even then, the threshold of tolerance seems to be notched high for Nepali-speakers, bo thin and outside the mother coun¬try. Severe suffering inflicted upon Nepali-speakers over the last decades did not lead to a circling of wagons and die subsequent rise of region wide nationalism.<br />
Ne ither the ev i ction of Nep al i -speak -ers from Burma in the 1960s, nor the expul¬sion of Nepali-speakers from Meghalaya in 1985-1986 resulted in organised pan-Nepali reaction. When border points were closed during the height of the Nepal-India trade and transit crisis of 1989-1990, sentiments were affected among Nepali-speakers of India, but there was no political surge. And today, even with the volume of media attention that has finally focused on the Lhotshampa refugees,<br />
<br />
there is no political coming together of the larger Nepali-speaking world.<br />
An Indian national daily recently presented with alarm the geographical extent of the Greater Nepal that is planned — it is to include large parts of Himachal Pradesh, Kumaon andGarhwal, Dehradun, all ofNepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and the Duars. The map pre¬sented by Dhakal of the Greater Nepal Com¬mittee covers more or less the same ground.<br />
But a look at the rimland, from east to west, shows: a we 11-entrenched state of Himachal; the Uttarakhandregion which does want autonomy, but only from Lucknow; a Nepal whose political leaders remain preoc¬cupied withmyopic politics of the short-term; a Darjeeling dial wants emancipation, but only from Calcutta; a Sikkim that wants Darjeeling, if it could have it; and a Bhutan that is every day shedding more of its Nepali identity.<br />
The vested interests, the administra¬tion and the politics of the region are all well-entrenched, and only a Subcontinental wrench¬ing that goes far beyond the Himalayan region would dislocate them and lead to, among other things, a Greater Nepal. While a large portion of the population of the region is able to appreciate the cultural attributes of the Nepaliness, the feel does not go deep enough to emerge as a movement for Greater Nepal anytime soon.<br />
This article is adapted from a paper presented at a conference on Bhutan organised by the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 22-23 March 1993.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-69626784115591897992016-09-27T08:33:00.003-07:002016-09-27T20:39:50.750-07:00BOUNDARY TREATY – 1st November 1860<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Throughout the disturbances which followed the mutiny of the native army of bengal in 1857, the maharajah of nepal now not only faithfully maintained the members of the family of peace and friendship set up between the british government and the country of nepal by way of the treaty of sugaulee, but freely positioned troops on the disposal of the british government for the preservation of order in the frontier districts, and in the end despatched a force to co-operate with the british army in re-seize of lucknow and the very last defeat of the rebels.<br />
<br />
On the conclusion of these operations, the Viceroy and Governor-General in recognition of the eminent services rendered to the British Government by the Stated of Nepal, decleard his intention to restore to the Maharajah the whole of the lowlands lying between the River Kali and the district of Goruckpore, which belonged to the State of Nepal in 1815, and were cede to the British Government in that year by the aforesaid Treaty. These lands have now been indentified by Commissioners appointed for the purpose by the British Government, in the presence of Commissioners duputed by the Nepal Darbar; masonry pillars have been erected to mark the future boundary of the two States, and the territory has been formally delivered over to the Nepalese Authorities. In order the more firmly delivered over to the Nepal in the perpetual possession of this territory, and to mark in a solemn way the occasion of its restoration, the following Treay has concluded between the two states:<span id="more-1087"></span><br />
<br />
<strong>Article 1st</strong><br />
All Treaties and Engagement now in force between the British Government and the Maharajah of Nepal, except in so far as they may be altered by this Treaty, are hereby confirmed.<br />
<br />
<strong>Article 2nd</strong><br />
The British Government hereby bestows on the Maharajah of Nepal in full sovereignty, the whole of the lowlands between the Rivers Kali and Raptee, and athe whole of the lowlands lying between the River Rapti and the districts of Goruckpore, which were in the possession of the Nepal State in the year 1815, and were cede to the British Government by Article III of the Treaty concluded at Sugaulee on the 2nd of December in that year.<br />
<br />
<strong>Article 3rd</strong><br />
The boundary line surveyed by the British Commissioners appointed for the purpose extending eastward from the River Kali or Sardah to the foot of the hills north of Bogowra Tal, and marked by pillars, shall henceforth be the boundary between the Britsh Provice of Oudha and the Territories of the Maharajah of Nepal. This Treaty, signed by Lieutenant – Colonel George Ramsay, on the part of His Excellency the Right Honourable Charles John, Earl Canning, G.C.B Viceroy and Governor-General of India, and by Maharaja Jung Vikram Shah Bahadur Shumshere Jung, Shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Kathmandoo within thirty days of the date of signature.<br />
Signed and sealed at Khatmandoo, this First day of November, A.D., one thousand eight hundred and sixty corresponding to the third day of Kartick Budee, sumbut nineteen hundred and seventeen.<br />
G.Ramsay. Lieut.Col,<br />
Resident at Nepal<br />
<br />
<strong>CANNING</strong><br />
<strong><br /></strong>
Viceroy and Governor-General<br />
This Treaty was ratified by His Excellency the Governor – General, at Calcutta, on the 15th November 1860.<br />
A.R Young.<br />
Deputy Secretary to the Government of India.<br />
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BOUNDARY TREATY – 1st November 1860Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-20349922634833039012016-09-27T08:32:00.005-07:002016-09-27T20:41:08.563-07:00TREATY OF TITALIYA – 10 February 1817<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Treaty, covenant or settlement entered into by means of captin barre latter, agent on the part of his excellency the proper honorable the eal of moira, okay.g., governer-general & c., &c., & c., and with the aid of nazir chaina tenjin and mahca teinbah and lama duchim longdoo , deputies on the a part of rajah of sikkimputtee, being severlly legal and duly appointed for the above purpose- 1871.<br />
<br />
<strong>Article 1</strong><br />
The Honorable East India Company cedes, transfer, and make over in full sorverignty to the Sikkimputte Rajha, his heirs or successors, all the hilly or mountainous country situated to the eastward of the Mechi River and to the westward of the Teesta River, formerly possessed and occupied by the Rajah of Nepaul, but the cedes to the Honorable East India Company by the Treaty of peace signed at Segoulee.<span id="more-1084"></span><br />
<br />
<strong>Article 2</strong><br />
The Sikkimputte Rajah engages for himself and successors to abstain from any acts of aggression or hostility against the Goorkhas or any other state.<br />
<br />
<strong>Article 3</strong><br />
That he will refer to the arbitration of the British Government any disputes or questions that may arise between his subjects and those of Nepaul, or any other neighboring State , and to abide by the decision of the British Government.<br />
<br />
<strong>Article 4</strong><br />
He engages for himself and successors to join the British Toops with the whole of his military Force when employed with in the Hills, and in general to afford the British Troops every aid and facility in his power.<br />
<br />
<strong>Article 5</strong><br />
That he will not permit any British subject, nor the subject of any European and American State, to reside within his dominions, without the permission of the English Government.<br />
<br />
<strong>Article 6</strong><br />
That he will immediately seize and deliver up any dacoits or notorious offenders that may take refuge within his territories.<br />
<br />
<strong>Article 7</strong><br />
That he will not afford protection to any defaulters of revenue or other delinquents when demande by the British Government through their accredited Agents.<br />
<br />
<strong>Article 8</strong><br />
That he will afford protection to merchants and traders from the company’s Provinces, and he engages that no duties shall be levied on the transit of merchandize beyond the established custom at the several golahs or marts.<br />
<br />
<strong>Article 9</strong><br />
The Honorable East India Company guarantees to the Sikkimputtee Rajah and his succesors the full and peaceable possession of the tract of hilly country specified in the first Article of the present Agreement.<br />
<br />
<strong>Article 10</strong><br />
This treaty shall be ratified and exchanged by the Sikkimputte Rajah within one month from the present date, and the counterpart, when confirmed by His Excellency the Right Honorable the Governor – General, shall be transmitted to the Rajah.<br />
Done at Titalya, this 10th day of February 1817 , answering to the 9th of Phagoon 1873 sumbut, and to the 30th of Maugh 1223 Bengallie<br />
BARRE LATTER<br />
NAZIR CHINA TINJIN<br />
MACHA TIMBAH<br />
LAMA DUCHIM LONGADOC<br />
MOIRA<br />
N.B EDMONSTONE<br />
ARCHD. SETON<br />
GEO. DOWDESWELL<br />
Ratified by the Governor- General in Council, at Fort William, this fifteenth day of March, one thousand eight hundred and seventeen.<br />
J.Adam<br />
Acting chief secy. to Govt.<br />
<Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-40077122629859161182016-09-27T08:32:00.002-07:002016-09-27T20:44:01.648-07:00Agreement Between Kajee Amar Singh Thapa and Major General Ochterlony 15 may 1815<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
In consideration of the high rank and man or woman of kajee amar singh thapa, and of the skill, bravery and fidelity with which he has defended the country dedicated to his charge, it's far agreed.<br />
<br />
1. That Kajee Amar Singh Thapa, with the troops now in Rajgarh, shall march out and retain their arms and accountrements, the colour of their respective crops, two guns and all private proper, which shall be duly respected and preserved, and every attention and delicacy observed in respect to the Zanana of the Kajee, and very person under his authority.<br />
<br />
2. In consideration, also, of the gallant conduct of Kanee Ranjor Singh Thapa, it is agreed that he shall likewise march out of the fort of Jaithak with two hundred men, who are to retain their arms, colours and one gun, with the bharadar (chief Officers) and their followers, about three hundred more in number, unarmed, with his own and their private property which shall be respected, and the sanctity of the Zanana preserved.<br />
<br />
3. Kajee Amar Singh Thapa and Kajee Ranjor Singh Thapa with their property and followrs, are at liberty to proced by the route of Thaneswar, Hardwar and Nijababad to join the troops eastward of the river Sarju or Kali, or by whichever rout they determine to proceed to that destination. Conveyance shall be provided for the transportation of their property to the confines of the Nepal territory.<br />
<br />
4. Kajee Amar Singh Thapa and Kajee Ranjor Singh Thapa shall be at liberty to meet whenever they please.<br />
<br />
5. All the troops in the service of Nepal, with the exception of those granted to the personal honour of the Kajees Amar Singh and Ranjor Singh, will be at liberty to enter into the service of the British Government, if it is agreeable to themselves and the British Government choose to accept their services, and those who are not employed will be maintained on a specific allowance by the British Government till peace is concluded between the two States.<br />
<br />
<br />
6. Kajee Amar Singh Thapa, on his part, agrees to leave the fort of Malaon, whenever bears and other conveyance are prepared for his private property.<br />
<br />
7. Kajee Amar Singh Thapa also agrees to send immediate orders for the evacuation and delivery, to persons properly authorized, of the forts of Bhylee (Inkee), Subbatoo, Morree, Jaithak, jagatgarh, Rowaheen, and all other forts and fortresses now held by the Nepal troops between Jumna and Sutlej rivers. The garrisons of all which forts, strongholds etc. Shall enjoy their private property unmolested, and the arms and warlike stores in each shall be left in deposit, for the future decision of the Right Honourable the Governor General; with exception to such among them as are related to Kajee Amar Singh Thapa by kindred, about eighty- three men, who shall be at liberty to retain their arms and accountrements .<br />
<br />
8. Kajee Amar Singh Thapa also agrees to send immediate orders to Kajee Bakhtawar Singh for the evacuation of the territory of Garhwal, to deliver over the forts etc. in that district to the Officers of the British Government and to procced to Nepal by the Kumaon roate, with their garrisons, all public property including warlike stores, accompanied by a &#8220;Chaprasi&#8221; with pass on the part of the British Government.<br />
<br />
9. Kajee Amar Singh Thapa also agrees to send immediate orders to Kajee Bakhtawar Singh for the evacuation of the territory of Garhwal, to deliver over the forts etc. in that district to the Officers of the British Government and to procced to Nepal by the Kumaon roate, with their garrisons, all public property including warlike stores, accompanied by a &#8220;Chaprasi&#8221; with pass on the part of the British Government.</p></br></br><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgW97PCzoPrmUp_3XCKtmZULRnyHE9OgygHX8HExF4lW5pIVpiK5WP1digNpUZhfq001NSJAr9oKKjc-IsmPbgcONNmM8Wyw66rfmPxDRFFSq9d8AmRw7NXJ6J-DbW3JVOnmUljuHOLaQ/s1600/kaji.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgW97PCzoPrmUp_3XCKtmZULRnyHE9OgygHX8HExF4lW5pIVpiK5WP1digNpUZhfq001NSJAr9oKKjc-IsmPbgcONNmM8Wyw66rfmPxDRFFSq9d8AmRw7NXJ6J-DbW3JVOnmUljuHOLaQ/s1600/kaji.jpg" /></a></div></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-13885604226703692642016-09-27T08:31:00.006-07:002016-09-27T20:48:41.351-07:00Greater Nepal not against India but Indian colonialism: Phanindra Nepal<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Chairman of the unified nepal countrywide front (unnf), nepal is widespread secretary of the border issue civil committee.<br />
<br />
excerpts of an interview via bn dahal to phanindra nepal;<br />
<br /><b>
Q: You obstructed the road leading to Indian Embassy on 2 December. What is the significance of 2 December?</b><br />
<br />
A: Britain had sent the proposal of Sugauli Treaty on 2 December, 1815. It mentioned ceding 40% of former Greater Nepal territory. Nepal under pressure had to sign the treaty on 4 March, 1816. Sugauli Treaty of 2 December is the reason behind the current geo-poltical reality of the nation. This is why we mark 2nd December as a ‘Black Day’ annually. This programme is a certain every year. It will continue until India returns our territory.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: There are allegations that the programmes you have launched are anti-Indian?</b><br />
<br />
A: Our programmes of Greater Nepal are not against India. We have opposed the Nepali border encroachment by India. We have not opposed India. They neglected our appeals to stop encroachment, so we lunched the programmes. The territories that we have demanded do not belong to India. But when we raised the issues of Nepal’s nationality, sovereignty and its territories, India perceives such programmes as against it. We are not against India, we want to be its good friend. If it stops encroaching Nepali land and stops making Nepali people suffer, we would not go against India unreasonably.<br />
<span id="more-372"></span><br /><b>
Q: Your programmes are being opposed from Nepali sides as well. Why?</b><br />
<br />
A: Many Nepali political parties have said that Nepal’s politics lies in Indian hands. For many intellectuals and party leaders, to oppose such programmes will be equal to worshipping India. Those leaders that accept Indian blessings to save their politics are the ones opposing us. Nepalese live in India’s New Delhi and Mumbai as well. We have not said that those territories belong to Nepal. We have demanded at the people’s level, that India, which is a nationalist, and democratic nation that has fought against colonization for 90 years, should not take over Nepal’s land lost after the Sugauli Treaty.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: Border encroachment is a subject between two nations. What kind of support have you received from Nepal’s government in your campaign?</b><br />
<br />
A: Let alone the government’s support to our programmes. The incumbent Foreign Minister Sujata Koirala, despite knowing that border has been encroached upon at different parts of the nation, she denied that such a thing has happened. It shows that there is no support to our programme. We were detained for eight hours when we launched a programme on 2 December. This also shows that the government does not support our programmes.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: Will Greater Nepal only raise the issue of border encroachment or other issues as well?</b><br />
<br />
A: We have attached very important issues with Greater Nepal. Among those issues are the scrapping of 4.1 million citizenship given to foreigners. The citizenship should be given to those who fulfill certain criteria. The Nepal-India border should be either managed or controlled. We oppose Indian monopoly over water resources. The inundation in Tarai is an injustice as per international laws. Our campaign is directed towards that also.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: What is the area and what territories does Greater Nepal occupy?</b><br />
<br />
A: Nepal’s territory was 2,04, 917 sq. km before the Sugauli Treaty was signed. Currently it is 1,47,181 sq. km. India has taken over 56,000 sq. km of our territory. Our territory spans from Tista in the East to Sutlej in the West.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: You have submitted numerous memorandums regarding the border encroachment to the Indian side. What reactions have you received?</b><br />
<br />
A: After we submitted a memorandum at the Indian Embassy, they assured us that they would forward the same to their central government, and informing us that they cannot do anything. We do not believe that India would return our territories merely by acting on a memorandum. We want the world community to know that Nepal’s territory is under Indian control. This is our achievement. Q: Is it true that our territory is not only in India but as far as in Bangladesh?<br />
<br />
A: Our land has spread to Bangladesh. It is true. But Bangladesh had not encroached on our land. That territory belongs to Nepal.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: Do you possess other documents other than the Sugauli Treaty to substantiate that India has encroached on Nepali territory?</b><br />
<br />
A: There are many. Nepal-India treaty was reached on 3 July, 1950. Article 8 of the treaty mentions that all the agreements reached between Nepal and Britain have been abolished. The Sugauli Treaty was reached between Nepal and Britain. After that the treaty was abolished and Nepal’s territory was established from Tista to Kankada. As per international law, if the existence of one side, of the two sides engaged in a treaty, ends, then the treaty will be abolished. When Britain decided to leave India, it had said that it would leave India in its former state. So Nepali territories should have been returned or should be returned.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: You have been raising a nationalist issue on border encroachment. But those who call themselves nationalists have not shown any participation. Why?</b><br />
<br />
A: There are some hilarious issues related to agitation for nationality. Nationalists’ are divided into splinters. One faction is afraid to support another due to jealousy as they fear that they will rise to power. Maybe, that is why our friends have not supported us. But I still believe nationality is hidden somewhere in their hearts. We are making efforts to expand our organization by including them.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: What is the Greater Nepal agitation?</b><br />
<br />
A: Before Sugauli Treaty, Nepal’s border extended from Tista in the East to Sutlej in the West. After the treaty the border was limited to Mechi and Mahakali. When India achieved independence in 15 August, 1947, Nepali territories became independent. They should have been unified to Nepal, but it did not happen. Our demand is that it should happen. We want to remind India that it is maintaining colonialism over Nepali territories. We want to show the world that India has encroached on a large part of Nepal’s territory. We are of the opinion that such colonialism cannot continue in the 21st century. All those places Britain ruled have become independent.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: How do you garner economic support for your programmes?</b><br />
<br />
A: We displayed black flags when Shiv Shankar Menon had arrived. Then we spent Rs. 900. Rs. 900 is not a big deal for nationalists. We have spent Rs. 8,000-9,000 in programmes. Friends are bearing the expenditure. We are fighting for Nepal’s border. Nepali people must help us.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: There are rumors that you receive money from Indians and you are launching programmes against India?</b><br />
<br />
A: I have heard this for a long time. Such allegations were made when I used to write articles. We have done something that has not happened yet in front of the Indian Embassy in Lainchaur. Does India want to taint its prestige by itself? So this is a conspiracy. It may be driven by a motive that if such rumors are spread, the agitation will collapse.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: So you are working without interest?</b><br />
<br />
A: I teach in Tribhuvan University. I am supposed to study for Phd degree, but due to this agitation I have not been able to do that. I am at the final stage. I have self-interest. When Nepali territory under Indian control is returned, then our border will join with Bangladesh. We can reach sea from there. We will be freed from Indian slavery. I want a free and sovereign Nepal and that is my self-interest.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: Indian SSB has sent a proposal to the center to place barbed wire at the border, while Indian ambassador Rakesh Sood called for constructing a border wall. Will not this secure Nepal’s border?</b><br />
<br />
A: The idea of placing barbed wire and wall at Nepal-India border is full of bad intention. The barbed wire was proposed to give legitimacy to the land that has been already encroached. We agree with the two ideas, but Nepal’s border before the Sugauli Treaty should be taken as a basis. Then we will welcome what ever is placed at the border, whether it is barbed wire of wall. We people and government oppose the idea of constructing a wall at the current border.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: You have been raising the issue of Greater Nepal, but there are works going on to disintegrate Nepal?</b><br />
<br />
A: Nepali indigenous nationalities do not want to live separately by dividing the nation. No one wants this. It has been proved that the efforts to disintegrate the nation are being made from the southern side. This issue was raised by those coming to national politics from India. I do not believe that this will succeed. The Nepali people will fight against the nation’s disintegration.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: It is rumored that your anti-Indian programmes have the support of North East?</b><br />
<br />
A: We are the agitators demanding that the Nepali territories under Indian control be returned. Like this, there is a fight in Indian administered Kashmir demanding for independence. Likewise, various ethnic groups are demanding independence in Nepal’s east to North East. Nepal’s Greater agitation and North East agitation seems to be related in this way. We have extended moral support for their agitation. They have also morally supported our agitation. We do not have any sort of working alliance.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: The Indian side proposed referendum in places such as Darjeeling. What do you have to say to this?</b><br />
<br />
A: Provision related to referendum cannot be biased. We are not afraid that India will show majority by referendum in Darjeelign because it is a place where there is Nepali majority. Referendum should also be held in Nepal to seek opinion on whether to take back Nepali territory that it had before the Sugauli Treaty. International law calls for referendum in both the nations.<br />
<br /><b>
Q: Royal institution has collapsed, is the monarchy nationalist or political party leaders?</b><br />
<br />
A: Monarchy is not a complete nationalist. But none of the political parties proved themselves to be as nationalist as the king. During monarchy’s rule, national unity did not witness such instability as now. The foreign intervention was not as high. The political leadership should learn from this, they must correct themselves.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-83025617323760366042016-09-27T08:31:00.003-07:002016-09-27T20:53:50.160-07:00Greater Nepal is not impossible!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<strong>Phanindra Nepal</strong>, Lecturer Patan Multiple Campus <br />
<br />
He's for the time being a lecturer at the patan a couple of campus in lalitpur, nepal.<br />
he is considered to be a reservoir of information and a commanding authority as regards the “more nepal” principle to which he prefers to call a movement.<br />
<br />
Mr. phanindra nepal is working as a secretary to the border challenge civil discussion board. mr. nepal is simultaneously the chairman of “unified nepal national the front” as well.<br />
he has numerous books to his credit and plenty of thought frightening articles which have been published in several countrywide and international newspapers.<br />
He is also the author of books entitled “<em>The ABC of Greater Nepal</em>” and “<em>Nepal-Tista to Sutlej</em>”. He has also edited a book on “<em>The reality of Indian encroachment in Susta</em>”.<br />
Last week, we met this nationalist at a seminar and approached for an interview to which he readily agreed-Below the results-ed.<span id="more-330"></span><br />
<br />
TGQ1: How you Mr. Nepal have been assessing the overall political events unfolding in the country more so after the September Kathmandu explosions? Who could have been behind such blasts? The Terai outfits? The Maoists? Or some unknown groups? Your comments please!<br />
<br />
<strong>Mr. Nepal:</strong> There could be no second opinion that the incidents were inhumane however, the Nepali experience of last decade(s) suggest that it is not that we should take them very seriously but the motive with which the explosions have been carried out must be mulled over seriously. To add, in the aftermath, the two Terai outfits had already taken the responsibility, however, the war of words between the Maoists and the Nepal Army alleging each other for their involvement in the incident suggest that the conflict may entangle further in the days ahead. And it cannot be out rightly negated that if the problem persists for long it may have some negative impact on the Nepali politics as well.<br />
However, I suspect RAW behind this heinous act as it has the majority or better say an overwhelming say in the Nepali politics. It is also known to all that it is only India and India alone that benefits more by keeping Nepali politics in a fluid/fragile and unstable state. And as politics continue to be fluid and unstable, economic activities cannot take its desired course thus the country becomes poorer and poorer. The result is thus what India desires from Nepal.<br />
<br />
It is also likely that forces who do not want CA polls in November this year may be behind the explosions. And the reason behind the Terai Groups claiming the responsibility could have been a ploy to provoke the Pahade people to attack the Terai people in Nepal, finally, paving way for India to send its army in Nepal in the name of protecting the Indian migrant community here. This also proves why India has deployed a huge contingent of security personnel along the Indo-Nepal border of late. It is comprehendible why the deployment is not merely to curb terrorist activities but instead India needs as well some plausible reasons such as to protect its citizens in Nepal and thus that would be the mere pretext to enter into the Nepali Territory.<br />
As yet it is only due to the tolerance and intelligence exhibited by the Pahade community living in the Terai, such Indian designs has been averted.<br />
Nevertheless, what Nepal could do is to control the Nepal-India border to stop the arms trade, the arms that are being used against the Pahade community.<br />
<br />
<strong> </strong><br />
<strong>TGQ2: As we understand, you had been advocating the theory of “Greater Nepal” for long time in the past? Has the theory died a premature death or you continue in your initiatives for the same? What sort of response you received from the Nepali intellectuals during your campaign? And also tell us what was the response from the other camp?</strong><br />
<strong>Mr. Nepal: </strong>My association with the “Greater Nepal” movement is more than a decade and a half long. I can tell you that “Greater Nepal” was not a matter of discussion in the past, now it has become a major issue in the country’s national level politics- inviting various levels of serious discussions in the Nepali academic sector and beyond. Thus there is no point in saying that the theory has died a premature death. And this issue will continue to survive as long as Nepal does not get its lost territory back-lost because of the Sugauli Treaty.<br />
<br />
I can also assure you that the Nepali politics that is presently divided in various fronts will one day be united in favor of “Greater Nepal”. It is also true that each and every Nepali share the pain deep inside their hearts because of the Sugauli Treaty. This pain will continue until we get our deserved rights back. And “Greater Nepal” is the objective of my life and I hope that it will come true during my life time itself if the nationalists co-operate me in my endeavor.<br />
We are trying to move ahead with the motive of transforming the demand for “Greater Nepal” into a movement. In the process, various types of comments have come up, both positive and negative. Some say that India will never give our territories back but I question unless we formally demand how can they give us? It is said that unless an infant cries even the mother sometimes forgets to give the milk her own child.<br />
<br />
Talking of our intellectuals now, they are more content with the party tags they shoulder. It is a matter of shame that intellectuals here toe a party demand, thus the movement for “Greater Nepal” does not, let me admit, at present suit to any party line. Just think, our leaders who even do not impart a single word in protest against continuous land encroachment by the Indian side, how would they demand the return of our illegally occupied lands by the Indian side? And the so called intellectuals would also not dare to cross the party line but recently some independent thinkers have come up in support of our movement. A great encouragement for us indeed!<br />
<br />
It is for sure that the Indian side fears the movement for “Greater Nepal” originating from the Nepali soil. This has indeed become a matter of headache from them. They fear one day this movement may drag international attention which it would ultimately. If we get our lost territories back, Nepal’s eastern periphery can extend up to Bhutan and Bangladesh. This implies that the Indian controlled eastern states will finally detach themselves from the Indian Union-the colonial offshoot of British Raj. Thus the separatist groups waging movement for independence such as NAGA, ULFA, BODO and others in India could benefit from the movement of “Greater Nepal”.<br />
<br />
Finally, India will have only one option left and that is to shape a treaty with Nepal to take Darjeeling in lease and Nepal in return could ask for extending its territory up to the Bangladeshi Border.<br />
I now feel that the Eastern states in India are thus nearing their Independence.<br />
<br />
<strong> </strong><br />
<strong>TGQ3: Media reports say that Indian side has been constantly encroaching upon our lands in different parts of the country. However, the political parties, radical communists included, do not utter a single word in favor of their own country? How you take their silence? </strong><br />
<strong>If so then, should we demand the outright abrogation of the Sugauli Treaty of 1815? Given the fact that India is expanding her territories by intruding our lands, would it be a befitting response to India if we talk of the abrogation of the Sugauli treaty?</strong><br />
<strong><br /></strong>
<strong>Mr. Nepal: </strong>The frequent media reports that the Indian side is encroaching upon our land are not at all fabricated events. In reality, the Indian side has been exceeding all the limits and there is not a single adjoining district in Nepal that has not faced continues Indian encroachment, to say the least.<br />
To boot, we have lost almost 372 Square Kilometers in Kalapani area where the Indian military has a camp since Indo-China war of 1962 wherein India embraced a shameful defeat. More over, our territorial claims reach up to 17 Kilometers far from Kalapani. Add to this, some 20, 000 BIGHAS( approximately 13,000 plus hectares in metric system) of Nepali lands have been currently under Indian occupation in SUSTA area in Nawalparasi district. The list might go long of such encroachments in different parts of this country.<br />
<br />
More perplexing is the response from the Nepali side. More so, the silence exhibited by the political parties and the so-called Maoist revolutionaries’ included is indeed surprising. This surprising silence is more intriguing. For me, silence is a sign of agreement or acceptance. Thus, I am forced to conclude that they have provided their positive nod to this Indian act of threatening our sovereignty. Which is also a proof that India itself is not abiding by the clauses of the Sugauli Treaty thus there is no point that the Nepalese alone should go by the clauses of the treaty. Thus India reminds us time and again that the Sugauli treaty is no more valid as they continue to intrude our territory.<br />
<br />
In reality, the treaty became null and void right on 14<sup>th</sup> August 1947. Had we been smart enough to get back the lands that we loosed through the treaty of Sugauli during the 14 to 15<sup>th</sup> August, the entire lost lands of the Nepal would have been in our possession since then. But we failed. The fact is that from 14 till 18<sup>th</sup> August, 1947, the lands which we lost under Sugauli treaty could have been secured. To be precise, Darjeeling was under the command of Pakistan and a Pakistani flag was fluttering there till 18<sup>th</sup> of August*. (Read Status of ceded land of Darjeeling and Leasehold of Kalingpong by Rukesh Mani Pradhan) For the Pakistanis, they took over Darjeeling for it was an area that was adjoining East Pakistan then. But India became suddenly sensitive to this Pakistani overtures and instantly took hold of Darjeeling forcibly in order to secure its attachment with the Northeast which incidentally adjoined East Pakistan then.<br />
<br />
Though India commands authority in Darjeeling in the East and Kumaon Garhwal in the West, however, the right of Nepal to claim these lands remains sovereign and valid till to date. Nepal, logically, can even now demand those lands from India. To me India which believes in expansionism and the one who enjoys sadistic pleasure in grabbing others’ property and money are similar both in content and nature.<br />
<br />
<strong> </strong><br />
<strong>TGQ4: Many academics in Kathmandu see the influence of India in our internal affairs and that too in a brazen manner.</strong><br />
<strong>Do you see such influence in Nepali politics by India or it is just a rumor only? If yes, then why India is dictating its terms and conditions on practically each and every political issues? Is our leadership that weak not to withstand the extraneous pressures? Your comments please.</strong><strong> </strong><br />
<strong>Mr. Nepal: </strong>There is not only the Indian influence in Nepali politics but there is clearly an intervening Indian role in our internal matters. It is not just a matter of gossip but not to say so would be improper in effect.<br />
<br />
Recently, the Indian ambassador to Nepal Shiva Shankar Mukherjee celebrating the Indian Independence day in Kathmandu said that “November 22 CA elections” must be conducted at any cost. Similarly, in 1992 the arrival of Chandra Shekhar and his remarks made at Ganeshman’s residence about King Birendra heralded a new era for India’s naked intervention in Nepali politics which continues even to day which is there for all to see.<br />
<br />
Indians want those political parties in Nepal to succeed that serve well their objective to impose their directives frequently through their handpicked political men.<br />
In reality, the Indians act as a mentor and thus reprimand our leaders and our leaders consider themselves fortunate to be their slaves.<br />
<br />
The Indian mindset is such that they consider it their inherent right to interfere into our internal matters and this has become possible only because our leadership readily accepts such interference. Some times I also feel that India is not to be totally blamed. We have several examples of our own leadership publicly admitting their Indian lenience. Therefore, our politics is much weaker than our own perception. There is no National Agenda and Rigidity over any issue that warrants national attention. They are merely pawns at the hands of foreigners. Until and unless we have leadership a la “Mir Jaffar and Lendhup Dorje”, Nepal will remain ever as an Indian colony or at best a Protectorate.<br />
We need such leadership that is more responsible to its own citizen and the country. Nepalese leadership should fear the wrath of its own citizen rather than fearing India.<br />
Unless our leadership gets rid of the mindset that without India’s blessings they cannot acquire influential positions in Nepal, the Indian will continue to influence, interfere and intervene into our politics.<br />
<br />
<strong> </strong><br />
<strong>TGQ5: After the restoration of parliament by the King, what prompted the Seven Party Alliance along with the Maoists to bring in the new citizenship bill? </strong><br />
<strong><br /></strong>
<strong>Mr. Nepal: </strong>For me it was a move to threaten the very sovereignty of Nepal as a nation state as a whole. As the restored parliament passed the citizenship act the provision for granting citizenship to any one born in Nepal was accepted thus India benefited the most which meant that India gained through its citizen’s acquiring Nepalese citizenship. In a few years time the situation will be such that the population of the Nepali of Nepali origin will be dominated by the Nepali of the Indian origin, thus real Nepalese will be in minority in their own homeland. Which also implies that now on the Indian Immigrants who now have the Nepali citizenship could influence greater say in Nepali politics. Finally, the Indian design of seeing Nepal becoming Bhutan first and Sikkim later is taking a formal shape.<br />
<br />
And I also foresee a final standoff between the Indian migrants and the real Nepali population in Nepal very soon. Thus, to save our independence we must fight. * Pakistan’s flag fluttered in Darjeeling at the “Planter’s Club” presently a hospital<em> </em><br />
He is at the moment a Lecturer at the Patan Multiple Campus in Lalitpur, Nepal.<br />
He is considered to be a reservoir of knowledge and a commanding authority as regards the “<em>Greater Nepal</em>” theory to which he prefers to call a <em>Movement</em>.<br />
Mr. Phanindra Nepal is working as a secretary to the Border Concern Civil Forum. Mr. Nepal is concurrently the chairman of “Unified Nepal National Front” as well.<br />
He has several books to his credit and many thought provoking articles which have been published in several national and international newspapers.<br />
He is also the author of books entitled “<em>The ABC of Greater Nepal</em>” and “<em>Nepal-Tista to Sutlej</em>”. He has also edited a book on “<em>The reality of Indian encroachment in Susta</em>”.<br />
Last week, we met this nationalist at a seminar and approached for an interview to which he readily agreed-Below the results-ed.<span id="more-330"></span><br />
<br />
TGQ1: How you Mr. Nepal have been assessing the overall political events unfolding in the country more so after the September Kathmandu explosions? Who could have been behind such blasts? The Terai outfits? The Maoists? Or some unknown groups? Your comments please!<br />
<br />
<strong>Mr. Nepal:</strong> There could be no second opinion that the incidents were inhumane however, the Nepali experience of last decade(s) suggest that it is not that we should take them very seriously but the motive with which the explosions have been carried out must be mulled over seriously. To add, in the aftermath, the two Terai outfits had already taken the responsibility, however, the war of words between the Maoists and the Nepal Army alleging each other for their involvement in the incident suggest that the conflict may entangle further in the days ahead. And it cannot be out rightly negated that if the problem persists for long it may have some negative impact on the Nepali politics as well.<br />
However, I suspect RAW behind this heinous act as it has the majority or better say an overwhelming say in the Nepali politics. It is also known to all that it is only India and India alone that benefits more by keeping Nepali politics in a fluid/fragile and unstable state. And as politics continue to be fluid and unstable, economic activities cannot take its desired course thus the country becomes poorer and poorer. The result is thus what India desires from Nepal.<br />
<br />
It is also likely that forces who do not want CA polls in November this year may be behind the explosions. And the reason behind the Terai Groups claiming the responsibility could have been a ploy to provoke the Pahade people to attack the Terai people in Nepal, finally, paving way for India to send its army in Nepal in the name of protecting the Indian migrant community here. This also proves why India has deployed a huge contingent of security personnel along the Indo-Nepal border of late. It is comprehendible why the deployment is not merely to curb terrorist activities but instead India needs as well some plausible reasons such as to protect its citizens in Nepal and thus that would be the mere pretext to enter into the Nepali Territory.<br />
<br />
As yet it is only due to the tolerance and intelligence exhibited by the Pahade community living in the Terai, such Indian designs has been averted.<br />
Nevertheless, what Nepal could do is to control the Nepal-India border to stop the arms trade, the arms that are being used against the Pahade community.<br />
<br />
<strong> </strong><br />
<strong>TGQ2: As we understand, you had been advocating the theory of “Greater Nepal” for long time in the past? Has the theory died a premature death or you continue in your initiatives for the same? What sort of response you received from the Nepali intellectuals during your campaign? And also tell us what was the response from the other camp?</strong><br />
<strong><br /></strong>
<strong>Mr. Nepal: </strong>My association with the “Greater Nepal” movement is more than a decade and a half long. I can tell you that “Greater Nepal” was not a matter of discussion in the past, now it has become a major issue in the country’s national level politics- inviting various levels of serious discussions in the Nepali academic sector and beyond. Thus there is no point in saying that the theory has died a premature death. And this issue will continue to survive as long as Nepal does not get its lost territory back-lost because of the Sugauli Treaty.<br />
<br />
I can also assure you that the Nepali politics that is presently divided in various fronts will one day be united in favor of “Greater Nepal”. It is also true that each and every Nepali share the pain deep inside their hearts because of the Sugauli Treaty. This pain will continue until we get our deserved rights back. And “Greater Nepal” is the objective of my life and I hope that it will come true during my life time itself if the nationalists co-operate me in my endeavor.<br />
<br />
We are trying to move ahead with the motive of transforming the demand for “Greater Nepal” into a movement. In the process, various types of comments have come up, both positive and negative. Some say that India will never give our territories back but I question unless we formally demand how can they give us? It is said that unless an infant cries even the mother sometimes forgets to give the milk her own child.<br />
<br />
Talking of our intellectuals now, they are more content with the party tags they shoulder. It is a matter of shame that intellectuals here toe a party demand, thus the movement for “Greater Nepal” does not, let me admit, at present suit to any party line. Just think, our leaders who even do not impart a single word in protest against continuous land encroachment by the Indian side, how would they demand the return of our illegally occupied lands by the Indian side? And the so called intellectuals would also not dare to cross the party line but recently some independent thinkers have come up in support of our movement. A great encouragement for us indeed!<br />
<br />
It is for sure that the Indian side fears the movement for “Greater Nepal” originating from the Nepali soil. This has indeed become a matter of headache from them. They fear one day this movement may drag international attention which it would ultimately. If we get our lost territories back, Nepal’s eastern periphery can extend up to Bhutan and Bangladesh. This implies that the Indian controlled eastern states will finally detach themselves from the Indian Union-the colonial offshoot of British Raj. Thus the separatist groups waging movement for independence such as NAGA, ULFA, BODO and others in India could benefit from the movement of “Greater Nepal”.<br />
<br />
Finally, India will have only one option left and that is to shape a treaty with Nepal to take Darjeeling in lease and Nepal in return could ask for extending its territory up to the Bangladeshi Border.<br />
I now feel that the Eastern states in India are thus nearing their Independence.<br />
<br />
<strong> </strong><br />
<strong>TGQ3: Media reports say that Indian side has been constantly encroaching upon our lands in different parts of the country. However, the political parties, radical communists included, do not utter a single word in favor of their own country? How you take their silence? </strong><br />
<strong>If so then, should we demand the outright abrogation of the Sugauli Treaty of 1815? Given the fact that India is expanding her territories by intruding our lands, would it be a befitting response to India if we talk of the abrogation of the Sugauli treaty?</strong><br />
<strong><br /></strong>
<strong>Mr. Nepal: </strong>The frequent media reports that the Indian side is encroaching upon our land are not at all fabricated events. In reality, the Indian side has been exceeding all the limits and there is not a single adjoining district in Nepal that has not faced continues Indian encroachment, to say the least.<br />
To boot, we have lost almost 372 Square Kilometers in Kalapani area where the Indian military has a camp since Indo-China war of 1962 wherein India embraced a shameful defeat. More over, our territorial claims reach up to 17 Kilometers far from Kalapani. Add to this, some 20, 000 BIGHAS( approximately 13,000 plus hectares in metric system) of Nepali lands have been currently under Indian occupation in SUSTA area in Nawalparasi district. The list might go long of such encroachments in different parts of this country.<br />
<br />
More perplexing is the response from the Nepali side. More so, the silence exhibited by the political parties and the so-called Maoist revolutionaries’ included is indeed surprising. This surprising silence is more intriguing. For me, silence is a sign of agreement or acceptance. Thus, I am forced to conclude that they have provided their positive nod to this Indian act of threatening our sovereignty. Which is also a proof that India itself is not abiding by the clauses of the Sugauli Treaty thus there is no point that the Nepalese alone should go by the clauses of the treaty. Thus India reminds us time and again that the Sugauli treaty is no more valid as they continue to intrude our territory.<br />
<br />
In reality, the treaty became null and void right on 14<sup>th</sup> August 1947. Had we been smart enough to get back the lands that we loosed through the treaty of Sugauli during the 14 to 15<sup>th</sup> August, the entire lost lands of the Nepal would have been in our possession since then. But we failed. The fact is that from 14 till 18<sup>th</sup> August, 1947, the lands which we lost under Sugauli treaty could have been secured. To be precise, Darjeeling was under the command of Pakistan and a Pakistani flag was fluttering there till 18<sup>th</sup> of August*. (Read Status of ceded land of Darjeeling and Leasehold of Kalingpong by Rukesh Mani Pradhan) For the Pakistanis, they took over Darjeeling for it was an area that was adjoining East Pakistan then. But India became suddenly sensitive to this Pakistani overtures and instantly took hold of Darjeeling forcibly in order to secure its attachment with the Northeast which incidentally adjoined East Pakistan then.<br />
<br />
Though India commands authority in Darjeeling in the East and Kumaon Garhwal in the West, however, the right of Nepal to claim these lands remains sovereign and valid till to date. Nepal, logically, can even now demand those lands from India. To me India which believes in expansionism and the one who enjoys sadistic pleasure in grabbing others’ property and money are similar both in content and nature.<br />
<br />
<strong> </strong><br />
<strong>TGQ4: Many academics in Kathmandu see the influence of India in our internal affairs and that too in a brazen manner.</strong><br />
<strong>Do you see such influence in Nepali politics by India or it is just a rumor only? If yes, then why India is dictating its terms and conditions on practically each and every political issues? Is our leadership that weak not to withstand the extraneous pressures? Your comments please.</strong><strong> </strong><br />
<strong>Mr. Nepal: </strong>There is not only the Indian influence in Nepali politics but there is clearly an intervening Indian role in our internal matters. It is not just a matter of gossip but not to say so would be improper in effect.<br />
<br />
Currently, the indian ambassador to nepal shiva shankar mukherjee celebrating the indian independence day in kathmandu stated that “november 22 ca elections” must be carried out at any cost. in addition, in 1992 the advent of chandra shekhar and his remarks made at ganeshman’s residence about king birendra heralded a brand new generation for india’s naked intervention in nepali politics which keeps even to day which is there for all to look.<br />
indians want the ones political parties in nepal to succeed that serve nicely their goal to impose their directives frequently through their handpicked political guys.<br />
in reality, the indians act as a mentor and as a result reprimand our leaders and our leaders keep in mind themselves fortunate to be their slaves.<br />
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The Indian mindset is such that they consider it their inherent right to interfere into our internal matters and this has become possible only because our leadership readily accepts such interference. Some times I also feel that India is not to be totally blamed. We have several examples of our own leadership publicly admitting their Indian lenience. Therefore, our politics is much weaker than our own perception. There is no National Agenda and Rigidity over any issue that warrants national attention. They are merely pawns at the hands of foreigners. Until and unless we have leadership a la “Mir Jaffar and Lendhup Dorje”, Nepal will remain ever as an Indian colony or at best a Protectorate.<br />
We need such leadership that is more responsible to its own citizen and the country. Nepalese leadership should fear the wrath of its own citizen rather than fearing India.<br />
Unless our leadership gets rid of the mindset that without India’s blessings they cannot acquire influential positions in Nepal, the Indian will continue to influence, interfere and intervene into our politics.<br />
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<strong> </strong><br />
<strong>TGQ5: After the restoration of parliament by the King, what prompted the Seven Party Alliance along with the Maoists to bring in the new citizenship bill? </strong><br />
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<strong>Mr. Nepal: </strong>For me it was a move to threaten the very sovereignty of Nepal as a nation state as a whole. As the restored parliament passed the citizenship act the provision for granting citizenship to any one born in Nepal was accepted thus India benefited the most which meant that India gained through its citizen’s acquiring Nepalese citizenship. In a few years time the situation will be such that the population of the Nepali of Nepali origin will be dominated by the Nepali of the Indian origin, thus real Nepalese will be in minority in their own homeland. Which also implies that now on the Indian Immigrants who now have the Nepali citizenship could influence greater say in Nepali politics. Finally, the Indian design of seeing Nepal becoming Bhutan first and Sikkim later is taking a formal shape.<br />
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And I also foresee a final standoff between the Indian migrants and the real Nepali population in Nepal very soon. Thus, to save our independence we must fight. * Pakistan’s flag fluttered in Darjeeling at the “Planter’s Club” presently a hospital<em> </em><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-56500409868929735642016-09-27T08:31:00.000-07:002020-01-14T20:33:28.386-08:00We could regain GREATER NEPAL<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Buddhi Narayan Shrestha</b>, Border specialist of Nepal says …<br />
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‘<b>We could regain Greater Nepal</b>’<br />
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Buddhi Narayan Shrestha, a former director preferred of the department of survey, is probably the maximum prominent survey studies pupil of nepal’s worldwide limitations. he has been working in the subject of surveying and mapping for the final 41 years. shrestha has authored numerous books on the nepal-india border demarcation and management. he turned into skilled and knowledgeable in surveying and land-use mapping in india, canada, germany and japan.<br />
shrestha, who become presented the coveted madan prize 2057 for his e-book boundary of nepal, spoke to kamal raj sigdel of the kathmandu publish on the present day indo-nepal border dispute. he says india has encroached on almost 60,000 hectares of nepali territory over the last seventy two years. excerpts:<br />
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<b>Q: You have been a vocal critic of Indian encroachment on Nepali territory for a long time. What actually is the <span id="more-361"></span>Nepal-India border dispute?</b><br />
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<u>Shrestha:</u> There are a number of reasons that trigger rows over the border – no clear demarcation pillars, lack of historical documents, unclear points/articles in the border treaties, frontiers based on changeable river courses, one country considering itself superior to the other and the like. Nepal has been having arguments over the border with India for a long time. On March 4, 1816, Nepal and the East India Company signed the Treaty of Sugauli. That was expected to resolve the border disputes, but it did not. For instance, right after the signing of the treaty, the East India Company claimed Antu Danda of Ilam and handed it over to Sikkim. However, Nepal managed to get it back in 1838. The border problems remained after India became independent in 1947. In fact, they intensified as India’s population increased rapidly and Indian settlers began clearing Nepal’s forests in the tarai and settling down there. And now in 2007, when loktantra has been established in Nepal, the disputes still exist.<br />
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<b>Q: Mainly, which parts of Nepal have been encroached on?</b><br />
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<u>Shrestha: </u>There is a 1,808-kilometer-long border between Nepal and India, and 26 districts of Nepal adjoin Indian territory. In my estimation, there are 54 places in 21 districts involving 60,000 hectares of land where we have border disputes, conflicts, encroachment claims and counterclaims ranging from the smallest one of 2 hectares in Sandakpur to the largest one of 37,000 hectares in Kalapani. Some of the others are Susta (14,000 hectares), Mechi (1,600 hectares) and Parasan (450 hectares).<br />
Q: Does the government recognize the fact that there are 54 border disputes that you just mentioned?<br />
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Shrestha: A meeting of the 31st Nepal-India Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee held in Delhi is supposed to have completed 98 percent of the task of strip-mapping the border. So, according to the government, all the disputes, except Susta and Kalapani, have been resolved. But making maps is not everything. The maps may be correct, but when we trace the border in the field, we find instances of encroachment. What is the use of the maps if the Nepalis cannot use their land?<br />
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<b>Q: How was Kalapani encroached upon? And what is the dispute about?</b><br />
<u>Shrestha:</u> In 1962, there was a fierce war between India and China which India lost. After the fighting stopped, the Chinese Army retreated to its original border. The Indian Army looked around and found Kalapani to be a strategically advantageous point. There is a 20,276-foot-high hill which they thought could be useful as a stronghold from where to fend off the Chinese Army. At a meeting of the technical committee, Nepal had proposed to resolve the Kalapani dispute using the maps of 1850 and 1856 as the basis. But India wanted to use the map of 1879. Since the Indian map was irrelevant to Nepal, it rejected the proposal. What is interesting is that Kalapani is shown to be on Nepali territory on the maps submitted by Nepal and on Indian territory on Indian maps. In the map taken as the base document by Nepal, the Kalee River is shown as the frontier. The facts have been distorted on Indian maps, and the river has been renamed as the Kuti Yangti River. As India has changed the name of the river, the dispute remains unresolved.<br />
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<b>Q: What is the Susta border dispute about?</b><br />
<u>Shrestha:</u> In the Susta area, India has encroached on about 14,000 hectares of land over a period of 72 years. The intrusion happened in stages, the latest being on November 22, 2007.<br />
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<b>Q: What do you think are the reasons behind the arguments over the border with India?</b><br />
<u>Shrestha: </u>The main reason is that 595 kilometers of the 1,808-kilometer-long Nepal-India border is defined by rivers—such as the Mechi in the east, Mahakali in the west, and the Narayani in the Susta area, which demarcates a 24-kilometer stretch of the international frontier. The rivers keep changing course and that gives rise to arguments.<br />
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<b>Q: Are there any special reasons behind the encroachment in Susta? What do the Indians have to say?</b><br />
<u>Shrestha:</u> There are five major reasons behind the Susta border dispute – natural, technical, social, political and governmental. The natural reason is flooding. The Narayani River changed its course after the floods of 1845, 1954, 1980 and 1989, and the Indians argued that the reclaimed land was theirs. Another natural cause is that Susta is surrounded on three sides—north, south and east—by Indian territory, and on the west you have the Narayani River. So, Susta is cut off from Nepal which makes it easier for the Indians to move in and occupy it. The technical reason is that no Junge pillar has been erected along the 24-km riverian border, perhaps because the river was considered to be a natural boundary at that time. The social reason is that the population gradually increased on the Indian side adjoining Susta, and the Indian Special Services Bureau helped them to encroach on Nepali territory. Besides, when the Gandak Barrage at Bhaisalotan was completed, nearly 250 laborers that came to work on the construction project did not return but settled in the Susta area. They outnumbered the Nepalis and they encroached on more land. The political cause is that the BJP in Bihar encouraged local Biharis to intrude into Nepali territory under the condition that they vote for the party in return. They also have the backing of the Indian government as is proven by the fact that the SSB has been supporting the locals in their landgrab. The SSB has been torturing Nepalis frequently. But the presence of the Government of Nepal has not been felt.<br />
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<b>Q: Are the government’s efforts to resolve the disputes adequate?</b><br />
<u>Shrestha:</u> Nepal has not acted as it should have. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs had released a statement saying that, except for Kalapani and Susta, all the border issues had been resolved. But there are other places where encroachment has happened. Of late, however, the government is gradually becoming more aware. Parliament is also taking this issue seriously. Parliamentarian Kunta Sharma returned from a visit to the Susta area and claimed that Nepali lands had been occupied. The parliamentary foreign relations committee is also keeping a close watch. Various MPs have been raising the subject in Parliament. Even the Prime Minister has expressed his commitment to look into it seriously. So the matter has now reached the highest level. I think that if the PM were to pursue it seriously, it can be resolved. The problem is that our leaders fear raising the border issue with India because they think that it will make their chairs shake. Foreign Minister Sahana Pradhan talked to her Indian counterpart Pranav Mukherjee on December 7. Mukherjee said that the status quo should be maintained. But what does that mean? That is not the solution. Now that the issue has reached the Foreign Minster’s level, it should be taken to the PM’s level too. The PM should look into it because the border is a serious national issue. If one square kilometer of our land is lost, the Nepali nationals living on it will be turned into aliens. Those responsible for losing Nepali territory should be punished for being traitors. Our head of state should not be afraid of talking to his Indian counterpart for the integrity of our national boundary. He should work fearlessly.<br />
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<b>Q: Some border experts speak of a Greater Nepal that includes the territory Nepal gave up with the Sugauli Treaty. Is it possible?</b><br />
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<u>Shrestha:</u> There is a concept of “Greater Nepal” which extends from Tista in the east to Kangra in the west. If Nepal were to become prosperous and powerful like China, Nepal’s future generations could get back the lost territory, which is one-third of the area of Greater Nepal. As China got back Hong Kong from the British, so can Nepal get back its lost territory that was lost with the Sugauli Treaty. Such historical facts should be passed on to our future generations. What is important is that we should not forget our history and the historical facts. The land we lost to the East India Company should not belong to India. It is ours. The 1950 Treaty, too, says that “the Treaty cancels all previous treaties, agreements and engagements entered into on behalf of India between the British Government and the Government of Nepal”. This means that Nepal should regain its lost territory because the 1950 Treaty has nullified the Sugauli Treaty. But the reality is that the 1950 Treaty has not been implemented fully.<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-38629382990251718072016-09-27T08:30:00.002-07:002016-09-27T20:58:08.326-07:00Greater Nepal nationalist front hands over memo about Lepu lekKathmandu, June 15: The Greater Nepal Nationalist Front has demanded that the government maintain Nepal’s administration from Limpiyadhura to Lipu Lek.
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turning in a 3-point memorandum to deputy high minister and home minister bamdev gautam today, the front has drawn the attention of the house minister towards the settlement reached lately among india and china to open a exchange direction through lipu lek that falls in nepali territory, and demanded to take initiative to have it repealed. accepting the memo, home minister gautam stated communique through diplomatic channel has already been made to both the nations, in search of clarification over the problem. “the government is decided to set up the united states’s real border with its neighbours”, he saidUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-76162288651772653902016-09-27T08:29:00.002-07:002016-09-27T20:59:38.292-07:00Greater Nepal and the Gorkhaland Movement.Issues upon Darjeeling and a plot to Dissect West Bengal.
Part - I
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My birthplace is siliguri, underneath darjeeling district of west bengal and my father and forefather’s place of birth became at at darjeeling. my father completed his research at darjeeling and afterward settled at siliguri. it's miles possibly recognised to all of us that darjeeling is known to be the “queen of the hills” all over the global, by means of virtue of her diverse nature of seasonal splendor and hence she attracts plenty of travelers now not most effective from india but additionally from overseas. however the nearby human beings of darjeeling have to conflict difficult day by day for his or her living towards the odds of nature however even then, their sober, friendly and helping mindset is clearly reward worth.These local people suffer from the odds of nature, adverse condition of the hills disturbs the communication, inadequate supply of water for drinking and performing day to day activities, inadequate supply of medicine and want of Good doctors and Hospitals. The Rock specialists and Geologists in India classify the hills of Darjeeling as Crystalline Zone. Thus in these crystalline zone, construction of roads require intense nature of specialized technical design and construction phenomena like application of geo-synthetics, stabilization of the major shear planes and slip zones etc. Furthermore in spite of having adequate rains in these hills, construction water shed area or reservoir for supply of water also requires specialized techniques. These techniques are to be governed by utmost supervision, specialized design, and enormous amount of fund and each of these construction must be treated as a separate project supported with a Detailed project Report (DPR).
As discussed earlier about the behavior of the local people of the Hills, their simple attitude was collectively exploited by some lumpen from the year 1975 onwards. They started to demand for a separate Gorkha Land under the leadership of Subhash Ghising (an ex-service man of the Gurkha rifles) and continued agitation in the Hills in various non-democratic forms. They broke the Glass House, set in fire places of Historical importance, condemned and attacked Govt Officials, used weapons, bombs and grenades (The sources of these weapons is again questionable as is questionable presently in Purulia, Nandigram etc.) and unlimited strikes often and on with a sole aim to de-activate the Govt. machinery .Their again main target of attack was CPI(M) party members/supporters and many CPI(M) party members were murdered and party offices were burned. Their so formed organization named as GNLF (Gorkha national liberation front) became so much destructive and non-democratic in their movement that State Govt. after due counseling with the then Congress (I) ruled Central Govt. started to encounter their movement through Administration and Police because in the mean time all means of mutual discussions were in vain. The GNLF did not contest any elections themselves, used communal abusive languages, and barred forcefully local people of the hills to boycott polls. However the State Govt. was ultimately in a position to control these anarchy but again in the year 1989, during the Lok Sabha elections, GNLF was suddenly supported by Congress (I) & they defeated the existing MP of CPI (M) from the Darjeeling lok sabha seat.. However, a so-called Autonomous Hill Council (DGHC-Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council) vested with more powers for the Development of the Hills was formed on 26th August 1988. On the same day, Shri Jyoti Basu, Chief Minister of West Bengal and Subhash Ghishing representing Hill Council signed the agreement. Shri Buta Singh, C G Somaiah, Rabin Sengupta was present in the said ceremony. Shri Nirmal Basu, Kanai Bhaumik, Jatin Chakravorty, Kiranmoy Nanda, Harkishen Singh Surjeet, Abdus Sattar and Shri Budhdhadeb Bhattacharya were present there as witnesses. Presently the people and the Lumpen organizations demanding for separate state of Gorkhaland and various political parties/organizations with media playing foul in the back end perhaps are not aware of the contents of that agreement. It was clearly mentioned in the agreement that for the national interest and after paying heed to the request of the Prime Minister, GNLF thus drops the idea and subsequent demand of a separate state of Gorkhaland (Unquoted). The GNLF thus agrees to the proposal of formation of an autonomous Hill council under the rules and guidelines of the State Government for the social, economic, educational and cultural development of the residents of the hills (not exclusively nepalis)(unquoted). The salient features in the agreement are appended hereunder for ready reference.
1) The Council will be called-----“Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council”
2) Three sub-divisions in the District of Darjeeling i.e. Darjeeling, Kurseoung and Kalimpong will be included in the jurisdiction of this council. Furthermore the mouzas that will be included in the said council are Lohagarh T.E, Lohagarh Forest, Panighata, Rang mohan, Barachenga, Chota Adalpur, Pahar, Suknaban, Sukna—Part 1, Shandapati Ban-1, Mahanadi Ban, Champasari Ban and Salbari Chat part – 2. These mouzas are all under Siliguri Sub-division. Furthermore it is also detailed in the said agreement that after the formation of the Council, the state government shall provide the council with land either in lease or by some other means as deemed fit, for the administrative ease and development of the council, within the area under Siliguri Sub-division (in the area adjoining Darjeeling more).
3) The executive powers vested upon the council shall be guided by the rules of the Central and State government. Excluding protected wildlife areas or for any other reasons excluding agriculture, cattle grazing, building establishments, for acquiring land for the interest of the commons, the council shall have the right to use, acquire or evacuate any land for the following purposes…I) for forestation ii) for using any source of water and or canals for agricultural benefits iii) agriculture iv) Public health, dispensary, hospitals and public health v) tourism vi) education/technical education vii) Public works---planning and development. In addition to that looking after the development including supervision of other roads excluding any national and state highways.
4) Organizing and regulating of market which are not controlled and regulated by any Panchayet bodies, Municipalities.
5) Education including Primary, Secondary and Higher Secondary.
6) Power vested by the Government departments i.r.o Land and buildings, small-scale industries.
7) Controlling, regulating and maneuvering the different activities of Panchayet bodies, municipalities. The total number of members in the council will be 42 out of which 28 numbers will be elected and the State Government will nominate the balance members. An executive body is to be formed within these council members. The Chairman and the Vice-Chairman of the general council will be automatically members of the executive council and the Chairman of the Executive council will be the Chief Executive Councilor. He shall have the dignity of a state minister.
The election of the Hill council is to be completed by 15th December’1988. The State Government agreed to review different legal actions/suits lodged against the members of the GNLF involved in different rioting and other illegal activities in their previous movement, excluding murder. The accused persons except convicted of murder will be released after the State Government withdraws all the legal suits. The proceedings for these legal reviews are to be started within 15 days from the date of agreement of Hill council.
The actions against Government employees, involved in rioting.
1) The State Government shall withdraw all sorts of legal suits against those government employees charged for different illegal/anti-government activities during movement.(except murder).
2) The GNLF shall issue a statement to its members to submit all the un-authorized weapons possessed and used by them, to submit to the District administration within a stipulated time for which no legal actions will be initiated against them.
3) The GNLF shall withdraw all its movements from the hills and impart active co-operation to the Government for maintaining peace and normalcy in the hills.
Shri Jyoti Basu, Hon’ble Chief Minister, Government of West Bengal, Shri R N Sengupta, Chief Secretary, GNLF supreme, Shri Subhash Ghising and Shri C G Somaiah, Chief Secretary of the Government of India signed the agreement.
Almost 20 yrs have passed from then with out any significant development in the hills. The DGHC councilors rampantly devoured the huge funds allotted for the development and as usually, people of the hills suffered. However in the recent past i.e, from the year 2007, we came to know of the recent formation of a fragmentation named Gorkha Janamukti Morcha (GJM) from the GNLF. We came to know that like previous demand of GNLF, the GJM were up for their separate Gorkhaland. Similarly like their predecessors, their form of movement was the same. Attacking and destructing, Hooliganism in the name of their so Called “Gandhian Movement”. The left front Govt. of West Bengal strongly object to their demand but however is still on an effort to summon and organize series of discussions with the members of GJM and Central Government. But they were very much adamant in their attitude to stick on to their demand of a separate Gorkhaland. They, like the previous 80’s, are calling for indefinite strikes in the hills and started to persecute only the CPI (M) party members/supporters. The CPI (M) party members are forced to surrender or are driven out from the hills. In this context, the dual character of Congress was again envisaged. The Prodesh Congress Sabhapati of West Bengal stated that he did not support the division of the State but at the same time the Congress MP from the hills supports the demand of Gorkhaland. However the State Govt. like before is taking a good gesture and is eager for all political meeting. The State Govt. however is still insisting for granting more powers to the people of hills through the Central Govt. but GJM was again equally adamant in their demands.
The Press and the media for some embedded obvious reasons started to take the advantage of the situation. As usual they made responsible the CPI (M) for this anarchy. The TV Channels convened opinion polls with the so-called intellectuals of Kolkata (Those who visit the hills once in a year for few days) and they started the same juggling with Journalism. Some of them declared that a separate Gorkhaland should be made. Some of the TV Channel like Kolkata TV went straight up to Darjeeling and organized an opinion poll there with the local people of Darjeeling and the Leaders of GJM. The Bengali daily Anandabazar Patrika, captioned in their editorial page on the issue of 2nd July, 2008, that Gorkhaland was the demand of CPI (M) party secretary Shri Ratan Lal Brahmin at the very beginning of Indian Independence (1947) and now that they are diverting away from the same. This may be noted that these sorts of Statement, which does not reveal the full truth, is not only a crime but also politically motivated. Regarding this claim of Anandabazar Patrika, I want to bring in light certain points, because the political intentions of Anandabazar Patrika must be revealed.
1) It was 6th April, 1947, prior to the Indian Independence, (when there were no defined District Committee of the Communist Party in Darjeeling and the organizational activities there were maneuvered by Comrade Sushil Chatterjee who later on brought in the movement, Comrade Ratanlal Brahmin for his dire struggle for the commons and the poor people in the hills) Ganesh Lal Subba was a local Secretary of the party at Darjeeling. It was his proposal of a separate Gorkhastan and not the party’s proposal. The said proposal was never vetted by any of the local, zonal, District or state committee of the party. Shri Ganesh Lal Subba was later on expelled from the party. Similarly the party had expelled later MP Daoa Lama and R B Rai for their demand of a separate State. Anandabazar Patrika must study more prior to combating CPI (M).
2) In the Party’s Kolkata Congress in the year 1951, it was decided that a demand will be raised for autonomy for the hilly areas of Darjeeling and it was unanimously accepted. Later on in the year 1972, during 9th Party Congress at Madurai, the scientific justifications of creation local autonomous bodies were duly emphasized.
3) In the year 1956, Darjeeling District Committee of the Party placed the demand of Autonomous administration to the State Govt. The copy of the same was placed to the Prime Minister, President and all Political Parties.
4) In the year 1955, Shri Jyoti Basu placed the demand of the Constitutional rights of the Nepali language, autonomy in Darjeeling and the rights and claims of the Tea workers and the party fought for these demands till 1977 when CPI(M) MLA , Shri Biren Bose raised the demand. Till as on date the party comrades in the hills e.g. Com S.P. Lepcha and others are fighting for more autonomy in the hills but they are now persecuted.
5) The historical movement for claims and rights of the Tea workers started in the year 1955 under the leadership of Com. Ratan Lal Brahmin. On 25th June, 1955, the Police opened fire over the labourers in the movement and many including children and women died.
6) Finally I am hereby quoting a deputation of the Communist Party against the British Empire in India
“The Communist Party of India vehemently opposes the sinister British Imperialistic plot of excluding the district of Darjeeling from the rest of India and its constitution into a separate chief Commissioner’s Province as has been put forward by the Hillmen’s Association in its memorial to Lord Pethick Lawrence, Secretary of State of India, in December 1946. This Association (Hillmen’s Association) represents none but the local agents of the British Imperialism. The Communist Party of India is also opposed to any such plans that might be put forward by the local agents of British Imperialism in a modified form. It has reason to apprehend that the British Imperialists are hatching a plot to place the district of Darjeeling with other tribal peoples of Assam and Dooars in an altogether new Province to be called the North Eastern Himalayan Hill Province.”
The examples of the so-called Democratic movement, of Shri Bimal Gurung, the GJM supremo, in the hills. (But before the Press and media he says that it is the activity of his supporters whenever they are moved emotionally.)
1) Forceful strikes in the hills.
2) Setting in fire CPI (M) party offices.
3) Barring all other opposition parties from carrying out any political activities in the hills.
4) Barring Shri Ashoke Bhattacharya, State Minister from entering Mirik, his own constituency.
5) Threatening CPI (M) Party members (Not other Parties exclusively) and supporters to leave hills if they did not surrender.
6) Closing down educational institutions and forcing students to participate in the rallies and hunger strikes.
7) Stopping the project works/activities related to development e.g. roads, hydel projects etc.
8) Preventing consumers to deposit electricity bills and telephone bills for over a year.
9) Forcing the vehicle owners to fix vehicle number plate captioned GL in their vehicles in place of WB.
10) Closing down the activities in the tea gardens, and taking capturing all the trade union offices thus putting an end to the daily living, demands and movements of the tea workers.
11) Disconnecting power lines and water supply lines of the houses of the members/supporters of CPIM and alienating them from the society through social boycott.
And many more……..
As gathered from the historical details, Darjeeling was never the originally inhabited by the Nepalese. It must be clearly understood that gurkhas never constitute a separate entity. However some lepchas originally inhabited the district of Darjeeling. In addition to them, some other local tribal groups along with Bhutanis, who can never be called as gurkhas, also inhabited this district. The independent state of Sikkim comparatively feeble in defense was often and on attacked by Nepal and Bhutan and eventually, the British East India Company, on request from the Govt. of Sikkim, came to their aid. Nepal and Bhutan stopped invading Sikkim and as a token of gratitude, the King of Sikkim handed over the existing sub-divisions of Kurseoung, Darjeeling, Kalimpong and the desolate Siliguri to the British people. In the year 1907, Siliguri came into existence totally after including some areas of Jalpaiguri. As per documents gathered from the writings of Professor Haren Ghosh, Kalimpong was initially under the control of Bhutan. No area of this district was under the control of Nepal. The British East India Company acquired Darjeeling in return of Rupees three thousand annually and made this place a center of medical care for the sick and injured defense personnel. As per agreement had with the Sikkim Government in the year 1835, the British reframed Darjeeling, Kurseoung and kalimpong into a new society. They build up Security barracks at Jolapahar, Lebong and also several educational institutions and Hospitals. The cultivation of tea started there in the year 1865 from Mokaibari and accordingly many labors were required for the said cultivation. Hence thousands of Labors came here from Nepal for earning their daily living. Most of them joined the British army. The Gurkha rifles were so formed. The toy train was commissioned in the year 1880. Later many peoples from the various parts of India came here for various reasons e.g., Service, business, trading etc and many of them settled here.
The Nepalese in general are very much honest, sincere, simple, trustworthy and hardworking. The importance of Siliguri and the district of Darjeeling as a whole have increased manifold for geographical and economic reasons. Many tourists from various parts of India and abroad visit the hills for its scenic beauty and the tourism industry is thus equally benefited. In addition to Bengalis and Nepalese, Marwaris, Beharis, Sikh etc live here in harmony. From my experience, I gather that the common people (mainly Nepalese) in the hills are least bothered in formation of the previous Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC) or Gorkhaland because they say that the development in the hills have come to a standstill during these period of agitation from the year 1980. The concentration of power and might among a fistful have made the life of the poor much more troublesome and painful. They simply want job for which they seek Industries to be here. They are in want safe drinking water/supply water, improved communication facilities, drainage facilities, educational facilities and medical institutions and doctors.
From Parijat Bhattacharya, Ghum, Darjeeling
Dated 20/12/2008.
Part 2
“Greater Nepal and Gorkhaland Movement----Strings attached???”
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Many of us might have thought that after CPN (Mao) jointly came to power in Nepal, they would rather take efforts to strengthen ties with China and would restrain their international relations with India and in such a situation India will be antagonized against Nepal but nothing of that sort happened rather Prachand after the Mao uprising had come to Delhi and had progressive and peaceful talks. However some countries or powers are very keen and pro-active in making international relations restrained between these two countries. As US imperialism has a very bad habit in involving itself into the internal relations of different countries, accordingly they are looking for various pretexts in interfering within the internal affairs of Nepal with an obvious purpose to extend their hegemony. They only have a thus dire objective to remove the Maobadis out of the State Power and accordingly they are thus hatching various plots. They, I mean these Yankees are thus very reluctant in admitting the hierarchy of the Maobadis as they are very well aware of the fact that the geographical position of Nepal has a strategic importance between India and China.
In view its geographical, socio-economical aspects and culture, the state of Nepal can be broadly divided into four major areas or portions.
1) Southern side, the area adjoining the Indian border, the terai area that is more or less plain in nature and fertile. The said area may be termed ar the food basket or food source of Nepal.
2) North to the said area lies the Siwaliks constituting small, medium hilly ranges with a maximum height of 1500 meters and Mahabharat range with mountain ranges with a height range from 1500 meters to 3000 meters. This area is pretty populated with a moderate population density.
3) Valley area where the Capital Katmandu lies. It is thickly populated and is very much fertile having also various industrial units.
4) Fourth, the Himalayan ranges constituting Everest, Khanchendzongha etc.
This terai area described under SL (3) hence attracts lot of international attention not only for economic indexes but also for politics. This area hence bears lot of relevance in respect of the state economy and politics. Lot of people resides here and most of them are of Indian origin. This Terai area constituting Katmandu bears lot of relevance in the Political and Economical sphere of Nepal (Industry based). The Maoist politics bears lesser relevance here and has lesser influence in this area but here exists some terai based provincial parties who are dominant in this area. These peoples believe to segregate this Terai area from Nepal and they are known to be “Madhesis”. The general elections in Nepal could only be conducted through mutual discussion and negotiation with these Madhesis as they bear lot of relevance in the Political scenario of Nepal. The President was elected from the leaders of these Madhesis. The Nepal government is thus ruling this state of Nepal through series of negotiations with these Madhesis on various national and International issues. The 19th Party Congress of the CPIM thus analyses this situation at Nepal and describes the situation in Nepal accordingly. The CPIM analysis thus says that various militant groups active within these Madhesis are demanding to represent and interfere in the various administrative machineries and democratic platforms of the Government, on a sole objective to create anarchy and obstruct democracy. They are spreading various forms of communal sentiments and with reactionary ideas with an objective to divide the masses through various linguistic and cultural barriers. However there are many anti-Indian forces in Nepal who are very much active for a long time and these forces want that the relation between India and Nepal get hostile. These people had thus demanded through agitation for restoring the Greater Nepal in front of the Indian embassy at Kathmandu on 26th of January’2009. As per treaty with the British Government and Nepal in the year 1816, the areas of Sikkim, present Uttaranchal, Siliguri and Darjeeling of West Bengal and Himachal Pradesh were taken over by the British Government. After Independence, a fresh treaty was signed between the Government of India and Nepal. Now these communal and Anti-Indian forces are demanding to the Government of India and Nepal for restoring these areas handed over 200 yrs ago to Nepal and if the said demand is not paid any heed then they would resort to violent agitations much more intense than that in Kashmir. As per the versions of one of their leaders……”I have visited these areas and found that Nepalese of Indian origin as well as Nepalese forced to seek menial jobs in India support the demand”. A front named UNNF (United Nepal National Front) are demanding for Greater Nepal constituting these anti-Indian forces in Nepal and they have published a map of their proposed Greater Nepal and the same has been placed to the Queen of England. It is interesting and quite relevant to note that portions of West Bengal (including Siliguri and Dooars) shown in the map proposed by UNNF in demand of Greater Nepal and is exactly the replica of the map proposed by the armed revolution group in demand of Gorkhaland. The leaders of the UNNF thus views the initial Sigauli Treaty signed in the year 1816 as illegal and now as the English people have left, India should return those areas back to Nepal which hereby means that the main issue seems not only creation of a separate state of Gorkhaland but to join itself with the so called greater Nepal with an effort to dissect India. The question here not only rises for handing over the regions of Darjeeling and Siliguri as a separate entity of Gorkhaland but it also a plot to cut away portions of our country like Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal in the name of Gorkhaland or Greater Nepal. The leaders of the present movement headed by Morcha are equally liable to give suitable statements in regard to this demand of Gorkhastan or Greater Nepal.
After a series of armed revolution, destruction of government and private property and bloodshed by the GNLF activists, Rajib Gandhi, Jyoti Basu and Subhash Ghising of GNLF formed the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC). After 20 yrs of his chairmanship in this council, on the verge of the council elections, Subhash Ghising demanded for the implementation of the 6th schedule through various forms of undemocratic movements. The State Government, in order for maintaining the long seeking peace in the hills, principally agreed to the question of this 6th schedule. GNLF supporters claimed that it was their victory and organized processions to celebrate and proclaim their victory. Bimal Gurung, the present morcha leader, leaded their procession. Suddenly within a few months, the situation changed, all of their movements and claims changed. They started to demand.”NO 6th schedule, NO DGHC….”, we want separate state ----GORKHALAND----including Siliguri and Dooars”. It is significant to note that in order to create more anarchy, hooliganism and communalism, these morcha leaders are keener in organizing meetings and processions in the plains rather than the hills. Hence the present question not only lies for as an effort for division of West Bengal but also weaken our country through some obvious foreign intruders.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-54447578130046291842016-09-27T08:28:00.005-07:002016-09-27T21:00:56.176-07:00Greater Nepal: revealing Nepal�s hidden truthGreater Nepal is a documentary that unravels the fact approximately nepal’s geographical reputation. one of the significant nepali documentaries made up to now, it has cinematically raised problems approximately the country’s identification and boarder encroachments. the documentary is directed by way of manoj pandit. given that our youth, we've got felt splendid pleasure in analyzing approximately our heroic beyond. we nonetheless have fun on being a sovereign u . s . who nobody dared to rule over, not even the british. however are we additionally similarly aware about the sour realities of our country? no, we aren’t. the documentary starts with the aid of showcasing the ancient information about nepal. it recollects the struggles of our ancestors as they widely extended the himalayan kingdom. it also reminds us approximately the anglo-nepal war that took place in 1814-15 a. d.which resulted in the humiliating Treaty of Sugauli. As a result, Nepal had to lose more than one-third of its territory to the East India Company, who was ruling India during the time.
But, after the British left India, the lost territory should have come back to Nepal. The documentary shows enough legal evidences to prove this fact. But, why haven’t we received our valuable territories? Even more, why is India encroaching our land illegally? Why isn’t our government fighting against it? All these inquisitive questions lead the protagonist of the film (the director himself) towards exploring the once great Nepal. He sets on a journey to the places where the wars had taken place and to the lands which should have been his but unfortunately, are not.
On his travels, he realizes the painful truth. His heart aches to know the fact that our renowned political figures have themselves closed this topic when constantly raised by the common people. In the film, legendary historian and novelist Diamond Samsher Rana relates a fascinating tale, “It was during the Rana regime in Nepal. Many English men constantly told the Rana rulers that they ought to take back their lost territories because they legally belong to Nepal. The Rana rulers would reply by saying that since it was already hard for them to handle the present territory, they did not want to invite extra burden. Moreover, those territories had already experienced democracy and the Ranas feared that those people would acknowledge the naive Nepalese to a democratic nation.” Thus, even after democracy, due to various political inclinations, this topic was always pressed down. Our democratic leaders never bothered to raise this sensitive issue.
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As the narrator walks further towards the Nepal- India boarders, he constantly visualizes the lands encroached by the Indians. They are slowly increasing their boarders in several parts of Nepal; particularly in Kalapani, Susta, Pyaratal, Bhadrapur and Kakarbhitta every time the country experiences national insurgencies. The interviews with the local victims make the audiences question about their identity and the fakeness that their eyes have always beheld. The dialogues of the native people, "We will die but will save Nepal's land." are immensely heart touching. But, more depressing is the fact that the local government authorities are not bothered at all.
Though the documentary contains some technical faults, Manoj needs applause for raising such an important issue. His effort for preserving our nationality is clearly noticed. An eye- opener, the documentary must be seen at least once by every Nepali citizen. It should also be specially screened for our political leaders. Even after watching this documentary, if no action is taken, that day is not far away when our beautiful country Nepal will be embedded only in the historical books. People will say, "There used to be a wonderful country named Nepal….." -Sampada MallaUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-90565018543574672492016-09-27T08:27:00.002-07:002016-09-27T08:27:35.084-07:00Culture and Tradition<div class="MsoNormal"> Nepal is a multicultural,multilingual and multiethinic country.Similarly, Nepal has the people of different religious tolerance among the people.However,the people who follow Hindu religion are in great number.Besides this,Buddhism is another popular religion of Nepal.The founder of Buddhism is Gautam Buddha.Who was born in Lumbini,Nepal.He is famous as the Light of Asia.There are many followers of Islam,Christianity,Shikhism,Jainism and Kirat religion.Every religion has its own values and norms.People of every religion can celebrate their festivals according to their culture and traditions.Some important festivals are as follow.</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Some festival which is celebrated by different religious communities of Nepal.And This festival is also known as national festivals</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><h2> Dashain</h2></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> The Hindus all over the world celebrate Dashain.It is also known as Bada Dashain,Durga Puja,Dusshera and Kalipuja.It falls in autumn in the months of either September or October every year.It is celebrated for fifteen days from the day of Ashwin Shukla Pratipada i.e., Ghatasthapana till Purnima,Goddess Durga is worshipped on the occasion.She is regarded as the Goddess of Power.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-iu1YK3PywUrJEbX-LsHby18MrvxI0sz3yq9OQfm65qt2jvTdWvRyJ_Jnkq-vBT3XY8TtPAtJZDYn6yQZ_HvMUbPL4WMOOS0KEBa_KUhLdD_dWXbu8xrdAzicF0UEJ58GXEV62YFDsvw/s1600/dashain.JPG2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-iu1YK3PywUrJEbX-LsHby18MrvxI0sz3yq9OQfm65qt2jvTdWvRyJ_Jnkq-vBT3XY8TtPAtJZDYn6yQZ_HvMUbPL4WMOOS0KEBa_KUhLdD_dWXbu8xrdAzicF0UEJ58GXEV62YFDsvw/s320/dashain.JPG2.jpg" width="240" /></span></a>The elder members in the family put Tika and Jamara and bestow blessings to the younger members on the tenth day to mark this occasion .The tenth day is remembered as the Day of Victory i.e,Vijaya Dashami.The other major days of Dashain are Phulpati of Saptami,kalaratri or Mahasthami and Mahanawami,which fall on the seventh,eighth and the ninth day respectively.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> It is a festival of union in the family,of great joy and extreme delight.People put on new clothes and eat delicious food.They go to Dashain fair and exchange greetings and good wishes.People,rich or poor,enjoy alike.</div><div class="MsoNormal"> It is believed that this festival is celebrated to mark the victory of Goddess Durga over Maisasur,a demon,and Lord Rama over Ravana,the demon King of Lanka.This festival,therefor,symbolises the victory of good over evil and truth over falsehood.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> <b> <h2>Tihar</h2></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> It is another great festival of the Hindus.People celebrate it with great pomp and show.It comes about fifteen days after Dashain.This festival is also called Diwali or Deepawali i.e.,the festival of lights.It is observed for five days from Kartik Krishna Dwadashi up to Kartik Pratipada.The first two days of this festival are dedicated to Kag i.e.,the crow,and Kukur,i.e.,the dog.The third day is called Gai Tihar or Laxmi Puja.Cows are worshipped on this day in the morning and Goddess Laxmi in the evening.She is regarded as the Goddess of Wealth.People clean their houses,decorate and illumine them all night by putting candles,small oil lamps or colourful electric bulbs.And they pray that Goddess Laxmi dwell in their house.People,particularly girls and women play Bhailo in groups on the night of Laxmi Puja.The Gobardhan Puja is observed on the fouth fay and oxen are worshipped.People play Dheusi during the night and the next day.</div><div class="MsoNormal">The final day is called the Bhaitika.On this day,sisters worship their brothers and wish for their long and healthy life.They put tika and garland them.They serve different varieties of sweets,fruits and delicacies to their brothers.The brothers,in turn, give them cash and gifts.</div><div class="MsoNormal"> It is believed that this festival is celebrated to mark the return of Lord Rama to his Kingdom in Ayodhya after fourteen years in exile.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> <b><h2>Chhat</h2></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB0U-O5PuVGjhJSPP27gkF6wfBxunqeeehGs0TY74CzM3iJnqZnyxQWTh3TO82PkvESWaBcdgJ5vLoiCYP3wyqC_i8ZjLNxfTBiGRZ2CqSK8jf94F4fzQo1UAKInFHFm3gRP0hEXtfmRg/s1600/image-BC34_4AE3AE9C.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB0U-O5PuVGjhJSPP27gkF6wfBxunqeeehGs0TY74CzM3iJnqZnyxQWTh3TO82PkvESWaBcdgJ5vLoiCYP3wyqC_i8ZjLNxfTBiGRZ2CqSK8jf94F4fzQo1UAKInFHFm3gRP0hEXtfmRg/s320/image-BC34_4AE3AE9C.jpg" width="296" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> </span>Chhat is a great festival of the Hindus of central Terai.especially the Maithili people.It is a festival of the Sun-God.It is celebrated on the fifth day of Kartik Shukla,six days after the Laxmi Puja.Both men and women celebrate this festival.However,only women observe fast during the day for three days,worship the setting sun in the evening and then only eat.On the sixth day,they all gather around richly decorated platforms near a local pond or a nearby river early in the morning.They take bath and workship the rising sun with flowers and lamps for the long life and good health of their husbands.After finishing the worship,all the family members sit together and eat variety of sweet.It brings happiness and joy in the family and community. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <b> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><h2>Lhosar</h2></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOH_QvhA9b0XThizlUfiZXyEszO-EiRo2IbVvcPzKcCfWAQ4SGybp5fkRln5mqajvnrPWQs1kLI-4EjhykOudXRomQ6wiGp_KFbI97IGoR9P3ISpeIhmx6560Ecz-3vxfNCg3terWvkXU/s1600/loshar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOH_QvhA9b0XThizlUfiZXyEszO-EiRo2IbVvcPzKcCfWAQ4SGybp5fkRln5mqajvnrPWQs1kLI-4EjhykOudXRomQ6wiGp_KFbI97IGoR9P3ISpeIhmx6560Ecz-3vxfNCg3terWvkXU/s320/loshar.jpg" width="207" /></span></a> Lhosar is a Buddhist festival.Lho means year and Sar means new.Lhosar thus basically is a New Year festival.It is celebrated mainly in the Himalayan region by the Gurungs,Tamangs and the Sherpas.They celebrate Lhosar according their own community and customs.Some celebrate it on 15<sup>th</sup> of Poush,some on Magh Shukla Pratipada and others on Falgun Shukla Pratipada.The Gurungs have Tamu Lhosar,the Tamangs celebrate Sonam Lhosar and the Sherpas observe Gyalpo Lhosar.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Lhosar is a festival of feast,joy and dance.people draw swastiks,symbol of peace and good fortune ,in their homes.They also decorate their homes with paintings of natural elements like the Himalayas,the sun,and the Moon.They wear new clothes and eat sumptuous meals.They generally gather at public places and play games,engage in fun,sing and dance.They alos visit their elders and seek their blessings for a healthy and prosperous New year.They exchange greetings and gifts with each other. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><h2>Christmas</h2></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">:</span>The most important festival for the Christians is Christmas.It is also known as X-Mas.The letter X represents the holy sign Cross for the Christians.It falls on 25 December every year.It marks the birth anniversity of Jesus Christ,the founder of Christianity.It is generally celebrated for three days from 24 to 26 December.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Christmas eve is celebrated on 24 December.On Christmas eve,they decorate a pine tree called Christmas Tree with candles,colourful papers,balloons and flowers.They keep the presents and cards given by their friends and relatives under this tree.They open them later to know who owns the most and best of them.They have great fun.</div><div class="MsoNormal">The Christmas father is Santa Claus.It is believed that he comes during the night and leave presents for the children in their socks.During the day,they go to church and pray together.They put on special caps and new clothes.</div><div class="MsoNormal">26 December is known as Boxing Day.Rich people give boxes full of gifts or money or food and clothes ot the poor people.They visit their friends and relatives on the occasion and have a lot of fun,is celebrated as the New Year Day.The christian era started from this date from the time of jesus Christ.They exchange New Year greetings and wish each other good health and prosperity in life.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> <b><h2> Eid</h2></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> </span>Eid is a New Year festival of the Muslim community according to the Hijri or Hijaratera.The Hijriera began from the time of Prophet Mohammad who is the messanger of their Allah.All the Muslims follow the Hijri calender.It is believed that some people threatened to kill Prophet Mohammad while he was preaching his ideas.He along with his followers,therefore,left Mecca for Medina.This journey is called Hijara which means migration.Mecca and Medina are thus the two most holy places of the Muslims.</div><div class="MsoNormal">The Muslims observe a month long fast called Roza during the month of Ramjan.They do not eat anything,not even drink water during daytime.All the family members sit together and eat after sun set.They believe that this will purge and discipline them.They celebrate the last day of Ramjan as Eid-ul-Fitr.They congratulate,embrace and greet each other Eid Mubark which means Happy New Year.They put on new clothes,eat variety of sweets and visit their friends and relatives.They go to the mosques and read Namaz.They also give alms called Zakat to the poor,disabled and needy people.</div><div class="MsoNormal">All these religious festivals carry the message of love and peace.They help to foster friendship,brotherhood and peace in society.Hence,they promote national unity and integration.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><h2>Maghe Sangkranti</h2></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> Maghe Sangkranti has a great importance in the Nepalese society.Most of the Nepalese festivals are based on lunar calender.Yet there are some festivals which are based on solar calender.Nawabarsha(New Year),15<sup>th</sup> Asar,Saune Sangkranti along with the Maghe Sagrakanti are the festivals based on solar calender.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Sangkranti means the first day of the month .Therefore,Maghe Sangkranti is observed on the first day of the month –Magh.This festival is observed to mark the end of winter season.During December 22<sup>nd</sup> the sun comes gradually to norhern hemisphere,and the palces at the nothern hemisphere start to get warmer.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Maghe Sangkranti is a social festival.It is celebrated in different ways in different parts of the country.In hilly regions people gather at the riverside and take bath early in the morning and eat Til ko Laddu(a kind of sweet made of sesame),boiled roots(yam,sweet potato,potato,etc.)and Khichadi (dish made with rice and lentil together ).It is believed that all the food that we eat on this day shall have been cooked at the previous day(end of the Poush month)except Khichadi.In terai,especially in Tharu community,this day is celebrated as ‘Maghi’.This day marks the New year in their community.Many of the fairs are organized at different parts of the country.The fun and excitement of these fairs are remembered throughout the year.</div><div class="MsoNormal">This is the one of the days of celebration of social value.such celebrations construct our culture and traditions.It is our duty to conserve these festivals which are celebrated by different communities of the country.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><h2>Ram Nawami</h2></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> Ram Nawami is one of the important festivals of all the Hindu people of Nepal.It falls on the 9<sup>th</sup> day of the full moon fortnight of Chaitra.It is believed that the Lord Ram was born on this day.Lord Ram was one of the most influential incarnations of Lord Vishnu who is one of the Trinity.Lord vishnu is the God who takes care of all the living beings after being created by Brahma.It is believed Lord Mahesh (Shiva)takes the life later on.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Ram was an ideal person.He was obedient to his parents and the caretaker of responsibilities.We gain Knowledge of obedience,brotherhood,peace,endurance,tolerance,apology,justice and above all the truthfulness by studying his life.</div><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Many people observe this day with fasting .Early in the morning people visit the temples of Lord Ram.A grand fair takes places at Ram Janaki Temple in Janakpur. </span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b> <span style="font-size: large;"><h2> Religous Traditions and Festivals</h2></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Nepal is a multicultural,multilingual and multiethinic country.Similarly Nepal has the people of different religious tolerance among the people.However,the people who follow Hindu religion are in great number.Besides this,Buddhism is another popular religion of Nepal.The founder of Buddhism is Gautam Buddha.Who was born in Lumbini,Nepal.He is famous as the Light of Asia.There are many followers of Islam,Christianity,Shikhism,Jainism and Kirat religion.Every religion has its own values and norms.People of every religion can celebrate their festivals according to their culture and traditions.Some important festivals are as follow.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><h2>Janai Purnima</h2/></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK0HjYhbavF0UAIP5LTjtt-fDih_XSU7zgxeieWK8nGPnBaTVVMo5IiiHvebrUzUmRNEDERKMIesXOcLUqW9Hg_xmHQS26Y109lXqMdDGWoFTytg7mGmMTzeCFpjN4lInssP94hwiGZdM/s1600/janai-purnima.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK0HjYhbavF0UAIP5LTjtt-fDih_XSU7zgxeieWK8nGPnBaTVVMo5IiiHvebrUzUmRNEDERKMIesXOcLUqW9Hg_xmHQS26Y109lXqMdDGWoFTytg7mGmMTzeCFpjN4lInssP94hwiGZdM/s320/janai-purnima.jpg" width="245" /></span></a> Janai Purnima is the common name of the festival Rishi Tarpani or Raksha Bandhan.This festival falls on Shrawan Shukla Purnima (The full moon day of Shrawan).This day is one of the most important days for the Hindu community because it has highly religious value.People take bath early in the morning and the male members of Brahman and Chetri change Janai for the year.Janai is the sacred thread,which they start to wear after the Bratabandha or Upanayan ceremony.On the same day all the people receive another sacred thread yagyopavit(Raksha Bandan).It is believed that this tread prevents them from on every kind of misfortunes.In the terai sisters tie Rakhi on the brothers’ wrists,secure their brothers making from any kind of mishaps.On this day all the people of Newar community prepare a special Kind of soup,Kwanti which is made by mixing nine different kinds of seeds.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><h2>Teej</h2></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4jGClFR2Erord4bvG790j8Ue6gJGkpz-FfPCfSTEMY9bt-9jK5X4rYKgK-GoKiayHHL4vm1iKqb13siasGwFoUkVaCvccG56iIjdQDMsX9Aw_VNmei7YcbwfqTHdoHWmNyYYOfbD5_6Q/s1600/teej.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4jGClFR2Erord4bvG790j8Ue6gJGkpz-FfPCfSTEMY9bt-9jK5X4rYKgK-GoKiayHHL4vm1iKqb13siasGwFoUkVaCvccG56iIjdQDMsX9Aw_VNmei7YcbwfqTHdoHWmNyYYOfbD5_6Q/s320/teej.jpg" width="320" /></span></a> This festival is celebrated by the women of Hindu society.This festival falls on Bhadra Shukla Tritiya (the third day of the full moon of Bhadra).This festival is also known as Haritalika.On this day all the women observe fasting for the whole day.It is believed that in the Vedic period,Parvati observed fasting on this day hoping to marry with Lord Shiva.And just after that she got married with him.So,the married women celebrate this festival for better status and long lives of their husbands,and the unmarried girls wish for good husbands.On the eve of Teej(The evening before the fasting day)all the women eat ‘Dar’ with the family members.Dar is a special meal,prepared for that special day of Teej.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><h2>Shree Panchami</h2></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> The festival which is celebrated on the fifth day of Magh Shukla Panchami (the fifth day of the full moon day of Magh)is famous as Shree Pancchami.This is also called as Basanta Panchanmi as spring season begins from this day.Saraswati is worshipped on this occasion Saraswati is the goddess of learning and wisdom.Most of the people of Hindu community go to the near by Saraswati temple and worship her.This is the special day for the students.People believe that this students.People believe that day is the best day for their children to start formal learning because they believe that goddess Saraswati gives them a divine blessing on this day.</div><div class="MsoNormal">In Buddhist community,this day is called as Manju Panchami.Manjushree is the god of learning for the Buddhists.</div><div class="MsoNormal"> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><h2>Udhauli/Ubhauli</h2></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-DXlnbbABSNov3XUvWCx4xQ_S19ovxApQsUrqPxUuhj8Wb1JEHqpf2115jWMfPGADk4GCWfarltJ_KWDjYXGI5IK01sleg4mjVZmEdrnc7smmcTeuLACRY4bWF8-MHZ5CjcvBBntdXFU/s1600/kirat+fesitval.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-DXlnbbABSNov3XUvWCx4xQ_S19ovxApQsUrqPxUuhj8Wb1JEHqpf2115jWMfPGADk4GCWfarltJ_KWDjYXGI5IK01sleg4mjVZmEdrnc7smmcTeuLACRY4bWF8-MHZ5CjcvBBntdXFU/s320/kirat+fesitval.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div> This is the main festival of the Rai c ommunity.This festival is celebrated on two days of the year.The first is the Udhauli and other is the Ubhauli.Udhauli falls at Kartik/Mangsir and Ubhauli in Baishakh/Jestha.This festival is celebrated differently at different places.Some people celebrate it with chandi Nach,some with Sakela or Sakewa or some with Sakela or Sakewa or some other with Baishake or Badanmet.It is because Rai community has different cultures at different places.At this festival Nakchhong(the priest)recites Mundhum at different religious places like Chandithan,Margathan or Mangkhim.At every household people celebrate this festival worshipping ancestors and dance playing with Dholjhyamta.They eat different delicious foods and enjoy together.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><h2> Nepal’s social customs</h2></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Introduction</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Nepal is a multilingual,multiracial and multi-religious country.It is said that Nepal is garden of four castes and thirty-six sub-castes.People from different castes and religions live here in mutual cooperation and friendly environment.They make a common culture,which is called Nepali culture.The people living in mountains are of different cultures than those living in hills and the Terai.Some of the social characters,cultures,traditions,practices and customs are described below.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><h2>Brahmins and Chhetris</h2></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtIqnJmKTLcE95GIKBOrBo_glMwepFOQSyRBRBZkDwOnwxLMFNAuv3r_1Ya_RBH4J1nDKAHzc-dYJxRvWPGOf4tyhOvf10axjpy_gmEUrOSXXU3jS5Bt6EI_teWb2CLqqGIIFxAyuroSw/s1600/language.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtIqnJmKTLcE95GIKBOrBo_glMwepFOQSyRBRBZkDwOnwxLMFNAuv3r_1Ya_RBH4J1nDKAHzc-dYJxRvWPGOf4tyhOvf10axjpy_gmEUrOSXXU3jS5Bt6EI_teWb2CLqqGIIFxAyuroSw/s200/language.jpg" width="150" /></span></a> Brahmins and Chhetris live in all the ecological zones like the Mountain,Hill and Terai.They follow Hindu tradition.They are very rich in culture and high position in the society.After eleven days of child birth ,the family celebrates Nwaran ceremony which is naming day.Bratabandha is performed for a son.The boy is given sacred thread(janai)after some religious rites.After reaching adulthood individuals perform marriage.Marriage is an important social custom.Recently,love and arranged marriages are also becoming popular.They burn the dead body according to Hindu tradition.They celebrate many festivals like Dashain,Tihar,Teej,Janai purnima,shivarati.Holi and Chhat are especially celebrated in the Terai region.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><h2>Newars</h2></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8EPZ331u3NFv24zNGRkjNEyUyTUpJV1FeuAdohBg1mpLP_Qd6-yw9p2qftyY_QRuWGR501H2vt5Advd_lYS-vAdFFZoPGEsuGhsSSVR8KnzfewCF4DiAQmQTVxvmzrvGVp71Rjt4e25c/s1600/gaijatra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8EPZ331u3NFv24zNGRkjNEyUyTUpJV1FeuAdohBg1mpLP_Qd6-yw9p2qftyY_QRuWGR501H2vt5Advd_lYS-vAdFFZoPGEsuGhsSSVR8KnzfewCF4DiAQmQTVxvmzrvGVp71Rjt4e25c/s400/gaijatra.jpg" width="308" /></span></a></div><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Mostly Newars live in Kathmandu Valley.Newars are very rich in their culture and customs.It is said that there is seldom a month when Newari festival does not take place.The Nwaran is done from the fourth to eleventh day of the birth.Belbiwaha (lhi)is very famous among the Newars.They have customs of Gufa for the girls.Both love and arranged marriages are practiced.Dead body is burnt according to their tradition.They celebrate Dashian,Tihar (Mhapuja)Gai Jatra,Ghode Jatra,Indra Jatra,Gathemangal,Kumari Jatra,Maghe sankranti etc.with great extravagance.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><h2>Magar</h2></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Magar mostly live in the hills.The name giving ceremony is performed from the elevnth to fifteenth day of the baby’s birth.Magars have become the most tolerable caste among the Nepalese.Love,arranged and Jari marriage are seen in the Magar community.Marriage between ‘Mama Cheli’ and ‘Phupu Chelo’is common in Magar community.They cheer their life everyday with eating and dancing.The deceased is burnt in this community.Koura Nach,Ghatu Nach,Nag Pooja,etc.are popular festivals among the Magars.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><h2>Sherpas</h2></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6QsO6Acc3HCVlA567L9_10t8AgYMSbWmyOLEwyBWcZbC0Ji9uYGmA_hCO2Xvphe9S02_EoHbK2yj_kVdf-5BtWDs6CBx2wTIuAcWowH7Nto_GHMc7ANUKUVVLi-ctlsEFENfbCtx4QDw/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6QsO6Acc3HCVlA567L9_10t8AgYMSbWmyOLEwyBWcZbC0Ji9uYGmA_hCO2Xvphe9S02_EoHbK2yj_kVdf-5BtWDs6CBx2wTIuAcWowH7Nto_GHMc7ANUKUVVLi-ctlsEFENfbCtx4QDw/s400/images.jpg" width="385" /></span></a></div><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> The Sherpas live in the high hills and mountains.The Nwaran ceremony is celebrated on the third,seventh and eleventh days of the baby’s birth.Mostly they belong to Buddhism.Love,arranged and jari marriages are practised.Dead body is buried in a crematorium.Lhosar,Dumji,Osho,etc.are the famous festivals among the Sherpas.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><h2>Tharus</h2></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNCz0mhthcCnuGS8zo2MRuyOlif5ESlJTEjWL8dnPGs-gv_6B0k1hBs-E93X5_mkrkkG12yJl-d5V7RQECCy1NuI-4CZrTHq466sdGLgkr0DyafmK7nQGRPtORtlnVaXJQC69Y_mtol74/s1600/dfs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNCz0mhthcCnuGS8zo2MRuyOlif5ESlJTEjWL8dnPGs-gv_6B0k1hBs-E93X5_mkrkkG12yJl-d5V7RQECCy1NuI-4CZrTHq466sdGLgkr0DyafmK7nQGRPtORtlnVaXJQC69Y_mtol74/s400/dfs.jpg" width="261" /></span></a></div><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> The Tharus live mostly in the Terai.They are very simple minded people.Their perculiar culture is famous all over the world.The Nwaran is performed from the sixth to ninth day of the birth.Both love and arranged marriages are practised.The dead body is either burned or burried.Maghi,Phagu,Jitia,etc.are the famous festivals in Tharu community.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><h2>Limbus</h2></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhae_7Nw4ECxj0QRQOyAv_GlE26-6br-UllEPD_aw0nOxREds5e3HyUoZkQilZNuX5El8z4h-w5iKSTO_LZ41ygSWEoi5PHsSnxOChI8Lik3b15fzkP46unHTnREtoNvg1yMwxFsbk23rk/s1600/df.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhae_7Nw4ECxj0QRQOyAv_GlE26-6br-UllEPD_aw0nOxREds5e3HyUoZkQilZNuX5El8z4h-w5iKSTO_LZ41ygSWEoi5PHsSnxOChI8Lik3b15fzkP46unHTnREtoNvg1yMwxFsbk23rk/s400/df.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> The Limbus live in the eastern mountains of Nepal.Nwaran(Name giving ceremony)of girl child is done on third day,but boy’s name is given on the fourth day of the birth.They worship nature like rivers and Himal.Love marriage,arranged marriage and ‘Chori Bibaha’are very common in Limbu community.The dead body is buried in a fixed crematorium.They celebrate famous festivals Udhauli on the full moon day of Mangsir and Ubhauli on the full moon day of Baishakh.Dhan Nacha is famous folk dance of Limbu community.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><h2>Rais</h2></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Rais community mostly live in eastern hills of Nepal.They give name to the newly baby from the third day to the sixth day of their birth.They follow both love and arranged marriages.After death the dead body is buried in a grave in a fixed place.They have a peculiar custom of firing guns during funeral procession,Chandi Naach(Sakela),Nwagi and Badangmet are their festivals.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-82443594893661442802016-09-27T08:26:00.002-07:002016-09-27T21:06:52.881-07:00About Nepal<div style="text-align: left;">
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<b> Nepal </b>is a federal democratic republic u . s . .nepal has about 30 million human beings.kathmandu is the capital town of nepal.its country wide anthem is sayaun Thunga phool ka hami....<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglXD2t_R0GDssAFisgQ0xHYkqn1JnVlXiUrIExwRuOBKPQQFa-gYGXy3CLaAo5Df_dzzrvxLsNvDmxp1KhDgj62Bysom1vc-1jU-qSfX5dh2LGPTlf8cD38cg0lwCgj1VY9-OzkwLMRsk/s1600/170px-Nepal_flag_photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglXD2t_R0GDssAFisgQ0xHYkqn1JnVlXiUrIExwRuOBKPQQFa-gYGXy3CLaAo5Df_dzzrvxLsNvDmxp1KhDgj62Bysom1vc-1jU-qSfX5dh2LGPTlf8cD38cg0lwCgj1VY9-OzkwLMRsk/s1600/170px-Nepal_flag_photo.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<h2>
<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">National Anthem</span></b></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1wDPQl_afbCrraL2jVorMd0CXX5ln0-Yy9B7CoHi74Nduh0RftM1smzM6GKBBvWiwQgEcgUJLHQPTWyMURhNDChV1inkZeS-tmWM1hVn2Cv7IR4EVoIVumgF_xOgSMVwFAJgnrpfqwVs/s1600/national.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1wDPQl_afbCrraL2jVorMd0CXX5ln0-Yy9B7CoHi74Nduh0RftM1smzM6GKBBvWiwQgEcgUJLHQPTWyMURhNDChV1inkZeS-tmWM1hVn2Cv7IR4EVoIVumgF_xOgSMVwFAJgnrpfqwVs/s1600/national.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> word in english</span></b><br />
Sayau thuga phulka hami, euṭai mala nepali<br />
Sarwabhaum bhai phailieka, Mechi-Mahakali<br />
Sayau thugā phulka hami, euṭai mala nepali<br />
Sarwabhaum bhai phailieka, Mechi-Mahakali<br />
Prakritika koti-koti sampadako achala,<br />
birharuka ragata le, swatantra ra aṭala<br />
Gyanabhumi, śhantibhumi Tarai, pahad, himala<br />
Akhaṇḍa yo pyaro hamro matṛibhumi Nepala<br />
Bahul jati, bhaṣha, dharma, sanskṛti chan bishala<br />
Agragami raṣhṭra hamro, jaya jaya Nepala<br />
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Written by: Byakul Maila (pradeep Rai)<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">Nepal</span><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN">is located in the central part of the Asian Continent.Geographically it extends from 26 degree 22'N to 30 degree 27'N latitude in the northern hemisphere and from 80 degree 4' E to 88 degree 12'E longitude in the eastern hemisphere.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Boundries:</span></h2>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbavAjcx91lScXHyrTJCerG7EZbkWwGsdZMLG7Yi_mehv5DmlDu-j6WhR9jeFudL326tulzdj2ByctdBSmKssglcI2OXIMpdwIOeOVgejjfIBm5TsxGOc5lI-ikvFye27BRHpZ81PiHxw/s1600/nepal-map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbavAjcx91lScXHyrTJCerG7EZbkWwGsdZMLG7Yi_mehv5DmlDu-j6WhR9jeFudL326tulzdj2ByctdBSmKssglcI2OXIMpdwIOeOVgejjfIBm5TsxGOc5lI-ikvFye27BRHpZ81PiHxw/s320/nepal-map.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<span style="text-decoration: none;"></span><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN">Nepal is landlocked between China and India.The Himalayan ranges in the north form the natural boundaries between Nepal and China.Nepal has the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China to its north.India borders it in the east, west adn south.The two countries share open borders.While the rivers <b>mechi </b>in the east and <b>mahakali</b> in the west stand as our natural boundaries with india,in the south it is marked by boundary pillars which is known as Dasagaja.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt4Rz5N7Mp2R1hhzIT1_kVthgKRZCX659VTSb18v1aBTVwGEyP6ZfCLgw7ykID8bPU4La-K19k8nCLN4p8DB36T5uGethcoBHSr57fwmDJ6dXIRH19SEnbfbMdDH30mJR0JDiE7LHSw_k/s1600/nepal-flag.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt4Rz5N7Mp2R1hhzIT1_kVthgKRZCX659VTSb18v1aBTVwGEyP6ZfCLgw7ykID8bPU4La-K19k8nCLN4p8DB36T5uGethcoBHSr57fwmDJ6dXIRH19SEnbfbMdDH30mJR0JDiE7LHSw_k/s320/nepal-flag.gif" width="320" /></span></a><span style="text-decoration: none;"></span><span lang="EN"> <b> </b></span><b>The flag of the Nepal</b> was decided on December 16, 1962.<b> </b>Nepal is the only the country which national flag is not rectangular or square in shape. It comprises of a sun and a moon which had previously human faces but the images were removed when the flag was modernized in 1962. It is being said that the <b>national flag of Nepal </b>anticipates, that the nation will last as long as the sun and moon is there on earth. The blue border on the flag of Nepal signifies peace, red stands for the color of rhododendron, the national flower of Nepal. The curved moon is symbolic of the royal house and the sun represents the Rana dynasty.<br />
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">Area and Size</span></b></h2>
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<b><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN"> </span></b><span lang="EN">Nepal is roughly rectangular in shape.It has a total land area of <b>1,47,181 km sq</b>.It occupies only about 0.03% of the total land of the earth and 0.3% of Asia.It is 800 kilometers long from east to west and 193 kilometers wide from north to south on an average.India,its immediate neighbour to the South,is about 23 times bigger size.Another neighbour to its north,China,has a land area which is about 63 times bigger.Nepal,however,is not the smallest country in the world.There are many countries which are much smaller than Nepal.Our country,for example,is bout twice the size of Sri Lanka about three times bigger than Bhutan.</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">Administratively</span></b></h2>
<b><span lang="EN">,</span></b><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN">the country is divided into five development regions.</span><br />
<span lang="EN">This division has been made for good administration and proper development of he country.</span><br />
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">The five development regions with their headquarters are as follows</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">:</span><br />
<b><span lang="EN">1.Eastern Development Region:</span></b><span lang="EN">Its headquarters is<b> Dhankuta</b></span><br />
<b><span lang="EN">2.Central Development Region:</span></b><span lang="EN">Its headquarters is <b>kathmandu</b></span><br />
<b><span lang="EN">3.western Development Region:</span></b><span lang="EN">Its headquarters is<b> pokhara</b></span><br />
<b><span lang="EN">4.Mid-western Development Region:</span></b><span lang="EN">Its headquarters is <b>Birendranagar</b></span><br />
<b><span lang="EN">5.Far-western Development Region:</span></b><span lang="EN">Its headquarters is <b>Dipayal</b></span><br />
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<span lang="EN">The country has further been divided into several political and administrative units known as Zones,Districts,Municipalities and Village Development committees (VDCs).There are at present 14 zones, 75 districts, 58 municipalites and 3913 VDCs.</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">Physical Divisions</span></b></h2>
<span lang="EN">:</span><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN">Nepal can be divided into three Physical divisions.The relief feature,climate condition and natural vegetation varies in these areas.The three divisions are briefly described here under:</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">Himalayan Region</span></b></h2>
<span lang="EN">:</span><span lang="EN">The Himalayan region lies in the northern part of the country.Its height ranges from 3000 meters above the sea level.It has various lofty peaks.The world's tallest peak,Mount Everest,which is 8848 meters high lies in this region.Other mountain peaks in the region are Manaslu,Makalu,Lhotse,Annapurna,Dhaulagiri etc.There is Perpetual snow over meters.The Himalayan region covers 15% of the total land area of our country but only about 2% of the land is suitable for cultivation.</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">Hilly Region</span></b></h2>
<span lang="EN">:</span><span lang="EN">The Hilly region lies between the Himalayan region and the Terai region.It is the biggest region covering about 68% of the total land area of the country.It ranges from 600 meters to 3000 meters above the sea elevated flat lands and midland valleys.The valleys lying between the Mahabharat and the Churai ranges are called Dun or the Inner Terai.These valleys have alluvial soil and are very fertile for agriculture.</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">Terai Region</span></b></h2>
<span lang="EN">:</span><span lang="EN">The southern most region of Nepal that stretches from Mechi to Mahakali is the Terai region.It lies from 300 meters above the sea level to 600 meters.It covers about 17% of the total land area of Nepal.The Terai region is very fertile.It gets plenty of rainfall.Most of the country's agricultural activities take place in this region.This region is called the <b>Granary Of Nepal(ware house of Nepal) </b>because sufficient food grains required for the country is produced in this region.</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">River system</span></b></h2>
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<b><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN"> </span></b><span lang="EN">Nepal is known as the second richest country of river.Let me describe you about the river system of nepal in details-: The river system constitutes another important relief feature of this country.All major rivers originate from the Himalayas.The rivers are snow-fed and swift flowing.These rivers are good for generating hydro-electricity.This country has three major river systems.They are the <b>kosh</b>i,the <b>Gandaki</b> and the<b> Karnali</b></span><br />
<b><span lang="EN">The koshi </span></b><span lang="EN">is the largest river of the country.It flows through the eastern part of our country.It is also known as the <b>Saptakoshi</b> because it has seven tributaries.Its <b>seven territories </b>are <b>Sunkoshi,Dudhkoshi,Tamakoshi,Tamor,Arun,Likhu and Indrawati</b></span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN">The Gandaki</span></b><span lang="EN">,which waters the central part of this country,is also called the Saptagandaki.It is also a confluence of <b>seven tributaries</b>.They are <b>Budigandaki,kaligandaki.Setigandaki,Marsyandi,Trishuli,Daraudi and Madi.</b></span><br />
<b><span lang="EN">The</span></b><span lang="EN"> <b>Karnali </b>is the longest river of this country.It flows through the western part of the country.It has<b> nine tributaries</b> - <b>Bheri,Sanobheri,Thulobheri,karnali,Mugukarnali,Humlakarna,Budiganga,Tila and Seti.</b>Besides these major river systems,the country also has many other important rivers.<b>Mechi,kankai,Bagmati,Mahakali </b>etc.are examples</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN"> Lakes</span></b><span lang="EN"> are also very much a part of Nepal’s natural physical feature.Nepal has many lakes .Some of these lakes are <b>TalRara Tal,Fewa Tal,Rupa Tal,Begnas Tal,Tilichho lake</b> etc.</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">Natural Resources of Nepal </span></b></h2>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="EN">Nepal is a rich country in natural resources.If it is utilize around half of the resources in a systematic and sustainable way,Nepal can easily stand as one of the richest countries in the world.But there are many more constraints in utilization of the resources.Some major resources of Nepal are explained below:</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 18pt;">Water Resources</span></b></h2>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">:</span><span lang="EN">Nepal is a very rich country in its water resource.It occupies only0.03% of the total land area of the earth but it has 2.27% of the water resources of the world.It is the second richest country in the world in water resources,next to Barzil only.The great Himalayas in the north of our country are the source of perennial rivers like Koshi,Gandaki and Karnali.They are formed by many tributaries that are originated from glaciers of the Himalayas.Similarly many streams are originated from the Mahavarat Mountain ranges which have forest and monsoon.Such streams contain a lot of water in the rainy seasons and very less in dry season.Many rivulets originate from Churiya ranges in the rainy season and dry in the winter and hot seasons.There are more than 6000 rivers and rivulets in this country.There are many lakes,ponds and waterfalls in this country.Nepal has lot of underground water as well.</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 18pt;">Forest</span></b></h2>
<b><span lang="EN">:</span></b><span lang="EN">The official guess of this country states that there is 37 to 40% of total land occupied by forest.According to statistical pocket book 2006 AD,national park,wildlife reserves,hunting reserves and conservation area occupy 18.33% of total land.Nepal has tropical evergreen forest(43%),decidous monsoon forest (46%) and conifer forest (11%).</span><br />
<span lang="EN">The popular saying “Green forest,Nepal’s wealth” is still meaningful.We get fodder (for animals),agricultural tools,timely rainfall and long life of springs from the forest.Forest is backbone of Nepalese agriculture.</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 18pt;">Soil</span></b></h2>
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt;">:</span></b><span lang="EN">Generally,soil refers cultivable land in our context.Next has just 17% of total land as cultivable land.There is a variety of soil in it.Terai region has alluvial soil.It is very good for growing paddy,wheat,oilseed,sugar cane,jute and tobacco.Inner Terai and Chure range have sandy boulder soil.It is good for maize,potato,oil seeds,groundnut,coconut,palm,etc.There is reddish grey residual soil in the hills of Mahabharat range.This type of soil is suitable for potato,maize,soybean,fruits and tea.Black lacustrine soil is found in Kathmandu Valley.Which is very good for growing green vegetables and different food crops.There is clayey soil in the Himalayan region.It is less fertile,so only buckwheat,maize,potato and apple can be grown there.</span><b><span lang="EN"></span></b><br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-14627282190005624822016-09-27T08:25:00.003-07:002016-09-27T21:09:02.164-07:00Greater Nepal: A Quest<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
Greater Nepal: A Quest
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At the same time as the relaxation people are sipping lattes, manoj pandit, subash adhikari and pals are possibly doing the identical but they're on a quest. a quest for extra nepal. actually!! his documentary “in quest of boundary” is visiting at the web fast. to recognize this quest, let’s shed some mild on sugauli treaty first. (skip this paragraph if you know The Sugauli Treaty). The Sugauli Treaty (also spelled Segowlee and Segqulee) was signed on December 2, 1815 and ratified by March 4, 1816, between theBritish East India Company and Nepal, which was a kingdom during that era. This ended the second British invasion of the Himalayan kingdom during the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-1816). The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajaraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhyaya and the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant-Colonel Paris Bradshaw. The treaty called for territorial concessions in which parts of Nepal will be given to British India, the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu, and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service. Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service (earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army).
Under the treaty, about one-third of Nepalese territory was lost, including Sikkim (whose Chogyals supported Britain in the Anglo-Nepalese War); territory to west of the Kali River like Kumaon (present Indian state of Uttarakhand), Garhwal (present Indian state of Uttarakhand); some territories to the west of the Sutlej River like Kangra (present day Himachal Pradesh); and much of the Terai Region. Some of the Terai Region was restored to Nepal in 1816 under a revision of the treaty and more territory was returned in 1865 to thank Nepal for helping to suppress the Indian.
Even though, Nepal was entitled to the territory, India has been encroaching and as with the other issues, Nepal is watching in dismay.
Is it worth the hassle to get those lands back? You might ask. That is a very good question. Nepal has so many problems already as of now; illiteracy, political instability, bad infrastructure, etc. But considering the fact that our ancestors had bled for them and to respect the fact that Nepal has always been a sovereign country and to prove that we won’t be pushed around, I think it is worth it! It probably isn’t worth fighting for the whole Sikkim and Darjeeling back (though it would have been nice!). But I think we should stand up and protect at least what we have.
What do you think?Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-8934321464302723412016-09-27T08:25:00.000-07:002016-09-27T21:10:19.496-07:00Greater Nepal Before Sugauli Treaty<h2>
Greater Nepal Before Sugauli Treaty</h2>
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<img alt="Greater-Nepal-Map" class="wp-image-100654" height="300" src="//writedge.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Greater-Nepal-Map-1024x512.png" width="600" /><br />
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Territorial Boundaries of Nepal around Sugauli Treaty</div>
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<em><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Public Domain Image from Wikipedia</span></em></div>
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Earlier than the battle among nepal and india, nepal’s territory become as much as pakistan in the west and up to bhutan in the west. nepal had to provide away locations like sikkim, darjeeling, nalapani and the most politically debated regions of jammu and kashmir. nepal gave 1/3 of its land to india, just for the sake to preserve peace and give up the fight between gorkhali nepal and british east india business enterprise.<br />
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What History says about Greater Nepal</h2>
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British East India Company wanted cooler places full of resources</h3>
When British captured India, they realized that they were in a very hot and dry place. So, they were in search of some moderate cool place where they could ease their summer and also get more resources to develop their power. At that time, the first Shah King of Nepal – Prithvi Narayan Shah had unified Nepal up to Bhutan and Bangladesh in the east covering Darjeeling and Sikkim, and up to Pakistan in the west covering areas like Nainital and Shimla (which are in India now).<br />
Nepal was as much beautiful as it is now and full of natural resources. Prithvi Narayan Shah was the king of a small kingdom Gorkha in the central Nepal and the soldiers were known as Gorkhali soldiers.<br />
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Gorkhali Soldiers and Khukuri</h2>
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The Gorkhali troops only had Khukuri as their weapon. With this knife-type weapon, their intelligence and their bravery, they fought with the British. Though British had high-end weapons, guns, tanks, and artillery, they were not of much importance in the hills and mountains of Nepal. Nepal had forts on the top of the hills from where they would roll huge stones and rocks to defend and attack the British. Slowly and slowly, British lost its soldiers and weapons. Then, they started attacking other plain areas of Nepal which proved much more effective.<br />
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<a href="http://writedge.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ghurkas_of_1815.jpg"><img alt="Gurkhas-of-1815" class="aligncenter wp-image-100656" height="360" src="//writedge.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ghurkas_of_1815.jpg" width="600" /></a>Gurkha soldiers of the Anglo Nepal War (1815)</div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><em>Public Domain Photo via Wikimedia Commons</em></span></div>
They also attacked by stopping water supply to the barracks and Nepali forts which caused many Nepali Gorkhali soldiers to become ill. This happened in the Nalapani fort. But with the utmost bravery, Nepali soldiers fought with the British, killed them and quenched their thirst from a river nearby. As an apex power in the world, this was not going to stop British. They sent a huge army and started attacking again.<br />
This war was the biggest in the history of Nepal and continued for three years from 1814 A.D. Soldiers from both the countries were being killed like animals. But this still did not stop Nepal to defend itself. Many lost their lives. To stop this massacre and to maintain peace the first prime minister of Nepal, Bhimsen Thapa made a treaty with the then general of the British.<br />
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Sugauli Treaty (1816)</h2>
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<img alt="" class=" aligncenter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Sugauli_treaty.jpg" />Bhimsen Thapa’s Gorkha troops, right, at Sugauli (1814)</div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><em>Public Domain Photo from Wikipedia</em></span></div>
<em>The Sugauli Treaty was agreed upon the fact that Nepal would give some of its lands in the east and west to stop this war and maintain peace so that no lives would be spent. The British were also short of soldiers and weapons, so they agreed upon this. This treaty is famous with the name of Sugauli Treaty between India and Nepal.</em><br />
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This is how the concept of Greater Nepal was developed</h2>
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In this way, Nepal lost some of its parts in the east and west and was limited to what it is now. But, Nepal was never invaded nor colonized by the supreme British power. Nepal is the only country in the world which was never colonized. This was due to the bravery of the great Gorkhali soldiers. Owing this bravery, British made a statue of a great Nepali soldier- Bir Balbhadra Kunwar in the Nalapani fort. Today, Gorkhali soldiers are highly respected all over the world, much more in the UK. This signifies the bravery of Nepal.<br />
Nepal is also known as The Land of Warriors.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-527921901994397774.post-22981023727619160102016-09-27T08:23:00.002-07:002016-09-27T21:12:41.297-07:00What is Greater Nepal ??<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The medieval nepal become pretty massive in length however due to various motives it went on being fragmented. the reintegration campaign started out all through 1744 and beneath the management of king prithvi narayan shah in 1774, the marketing campaign had reached as far as darjeeling within the east. even after the death of prithvi narayan shah on 10th january 1775, the reintegration marketing campaign persevered.<br />
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While forgoing ahead towards east, the border of Nepal was extended up to Sikkim by 1779. The border in the western front also went on extending. In 1790, the campaign crossed the Mahakali River and reached Gadwal in 1804 and by 1805, the Nepali Army reached Kangada across the Sutlej River. The Nepali Army succeeded, even if it had to make three years of continued efforts, in taking the Kangada Fort under its sway. In the last battle for Kangada in 1809, the Nepali Army was defeated and forced to return across back to Sutlej. By 1809, the border of Nepal was thus fixed, Sikkim-Jalpaiguri (up to the border of Bhutan in the east and up to Dinajpur, now Bengal in the South) in the east and Sutlej in the west. When the reintegration campaign of Nepal was going on, the British East India Company was also simultaneously moving towards north, west and east colonizing Bengal, Bihar and Awadh to the South of Nepal. This process brought the border of Nepal and East Indian Company to meet together. With the conjoining of borders, dispute between Nepal and the East India Company also started. The British (East India Company) in particular, wanted trade with Tibet through Nepal, but Nepal, which was extended from Sikkim up to Simla, did not allow the British to have this facility. Violating the provisions of the 1801 treaty between Nepal and the East India Company, that if border dispute occurs between the two parties, shall be resolved through peaceful dialogues, the British suddenly declared war against Nepal on 1 November 1814.<br />
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The war between Nepal and the British continued from 1 November 1814 till 28 April 1815. In the war fought at the main five fronts, Nepal defeated the British at three places in the middle and east and lost at two fronts to the British in the West. Following this war, David Ochtorlony from the side of the British and Amar Singh Thapa from the Nepali side reached a ceasefire through dialogue between the two and made an agreement on 15th May 1815. According to the agreement, Nepal had to cede the land lying between the Mahakali and Sutlej Rivers in the Western front to the British East India Company. But after six and half months on 2nd December 1815, the British side put forward yet another draft treaty, which proposes that Nepal should cede the areas from the Mechi River up to Sikkim and Dinajpur in the East, including all Tarai area to the British East India Company. Nepal, in compulsion signed this Treaty on 4th March 1816. After this treaty, Nepal lost Tarai land, but showed continuous dissatisfaction about this Treaty and assuming that another war with Nepal might ensue, the low land lying between the Koshi and Rapti River was returned to Nepal on 8th December 1816. Long after in 1857, the "Lucknow Mutiny" in the British India was successfully suppressed by the Nepali Army in support of the British, the British government in recognition of the support returned the land lying between the Rapti and Mahakali Rivers to Nepal in 1860, which was ceded to the East India Company according to the treaty of Sugauli (1816).<br />
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As a result of the Lucknow Mutiny, the East India Company was dissolved and India came under the direct rule of the British Crown. The 1860 treaty, on the return of land between the Rapti and Mahakali, was entered into between Nepal and the Government of United Kingdom. Nepal was given its territories back in two installments, but it has yet to get back its big bulk of territories. The Greater Nepal Movement is an effort to realize the "yet to be returned" territories. With the freedom of Pakistan and India on 14h and 15th August 1947 from the British Empire, the ceded territories of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty were also freed and this freed territories must now be integrated into Nepal, is the concept of what the "Greater Nepal" is. While India and Pakistan fought against the British Colonization, many Nepalese also took part in the movement. But, as Pakistan and India became free, Nepali territories were annexed in India and East Pakistan. It was a great mistake and an injustice to Nepal. It is a serious mistake on the part of the British Government not to have returned the Nepali territories, on the other, India, which fought more than 90 years against the colonization, not to have realized that the Nepali Territories were also freed together with its freedom is highly immoral. Since, the past 15 years, the Greater Nepal Movement has been continuously going on for the freedom from the unjust acts. Just before a decade, Greater Nepal could not even be talked about, but now this has become a subject of Nepali polity.<br />
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The Article 8 of both the Treaties signed between Nepal and India on 31st July 1950, and between Nepal and United Kingdom of Great Britain on 30th October 1950 has declared all treaties, engagements and agreements made between Nepal and the British Government as null and void, and in line with the declaration promulgated by the United Nations resolution (1514-XV) in December 1960 with regard to declaring end of all forms of colonization, is a base for the freedom of Nepali territories after India was freed on 15th August 1947.<br />
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What international law believes is that a treaty entered into between two parties will be cancelled in the absence of one of the parties, and according to this, the Sugauli Treaty cannot be in force after the British Government has left India. From the international instances like Hong Kong and Macau, which are integrated into China, East Timor has been freed from colonialism, has achieved the status of a free state; China to continuously claim sovereignty over Taiwan; annexation of Goa in India by military intervention and Japan not to have given up claim over the Kuril Islands being captured by the USSR, Nepal's claim over the territories ceded under the Sugauli Treaty is not other than what international laws allow in particular the annexation of areas like Darjeeling- Sikkim-Siliguri and Jalpaiguri which are under Indian Governance; make the border of Nepal meet with that of Bangladesh and Bhutan freeing Nepal for ever from the domination of India, which will have a positive impact on the power equation of the South Asia region itself.<br />
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If mutual relationship between the concept of Greater Nepal and the North-Eastern States, which are fighting for Free State, can be struck, this movement can take real shape and at the same time this will aspire freedom fighters including that of Kashmir, weakening India. A weakened India will be to the interest of the South Asian region, otherwise the freedom and stability of countries in this region will ever remain threatened.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0